A panel of urinary biochemical markers for the non-invasive detection of kidney dysfunction in HIV-patients

Abstract

INTRODUCTION The use of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients can lead to disturbances in kidney function. Renal dysfunction can also be caused by the direct effects of HIV on the kidneys. The assessment of renal function is needed to monitor these patients for the development of chronic kidney disease. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to identify urinary biochemical parameters for the assessment of kidney dysfunction in HIV-infected patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 86 patients with HIV and 34 healthy controls. Spectrophotometry was used to measure the activity of the following enzymes: N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), NAG isoenzyme B (NAG-B), galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, alanyl aminopeptidase, and γ-glutamyltransferase. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess the urinary concentrations of low-molecular-weight proteins: kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, α-glutathione S-transferase, π-glutathione S-transferase, neopterin, β 2-microglobulin (β 2 M), and retinol-binding protein (RBP). RESULTS The urinary levels of all parameters except alanyl aminopeptidase were significantly higher in HIV-infected patients than in the control group. The statistical analysis revealed the following 4 parameters to have the best diagnostic value in: β 2 M, NAG, KIM-1, and RBP. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that among selected enzymes and low-molecular proteins, β 2 M, NAG, KIM-1, and RBP are the best in assessing renal dysfunction in patients with HIV.

Urinary Levels of Sirtuin-1, π-Glutathione S-Transferase, and Mitochondrial DNA in Maize Farmer Occupationally Exposed to Herbicide

“…According to Brüning et al, 1999, they reported an average of urinary π-GST in German healthy adult being 2.3 ± 0.65 ng/mg creatinine, whereas this marker level in subjects who were exposed with substance-induced kidney disease was 6.0 ± 3.3 ng/mg creatinine [ 51 ]. In addition, the median of urinary π-GST in Polish healthy volunteer with no kidney dysfunction was 3.24 (interquartile range = 2.18–4.12) ng/mg creatinine [ 52 ]. The average urinary π-GST level among healthy subjects, normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria was 0.63 (range 0–2.7), 1.35 (range 0–30.6), 1.8 (range 0–33.3), 1.17 (range 0–44.1) ng/mg creatinine.…”