Background and Frame of Reference Investments and changes in manufacturing have become more extensive and complex during the last few decades. This has implied that even minor changes in manufacturing can result in long-term consequences for the organisation. The complexity has also implied that more functions and individuals, both in staff functions and in the line hierarchy, have to be involved in the decisionmaking processes. Furthermore, increased responsibility and authority, as a part of the job characteristics, have become essential for retaining the personnel. These changes are partly connected, and it is therefore of interest to investigate the strategic and managerial implications of this trend.
Manufacturing StrategiesThe theories of manufacturing strategy focus on analyses of business goals and strategies, the congruence of these with manufacturing goals and plans formulated and implemented in manufacturing. Hence, a manufacturing strategy should reflect goals and strategies of the business and enable the manufacturing function to contribute to the competitiveness of the company (Skinner, 1978;Hayes and Wheelwright, 1984). The implementation process of these goals and strategies is often described as a top-down process, but Hayes and Wheelwright see a need for an interactive (top-down -bottom-up) development of manufacturing strategy. They also state that it is through the actual decisions made that the manufacturing capability is determined. The decisions are made within the structural and infrastructural elements of manufacturing. These elements are considered by Hayes and Wheelwright as consisting of a set of decision categories (see Figure 1). Decisions made in these categories should be consistent and support the manufacturing goals, as well as overall goals and strategies of the organisation.This strategic view of manufacturing has proved to be a good basis for discussions within manufacturing companies . The implementation process of these goals and strategies is, however, poorly described in the literature. Swamidass and Newell (1987) mean that the manufacturing strategy literature lacks some of the essential ingredients that can stimulate empirical research. One reason is the lack of integration of relevant literature from several disciplines. Social factors, such as behaviour and psychological factors, have partly been neglected. The result has been a quite normative view of the planning process, where, at the most, the manufacturing manager is involved. His obligations are reduced to formulating the right goals for manufacturing, and to explaining consequences of the terms in manufacturing for the competitive ability, and making the "right decisions".