A papain-like cysteine protease-released small signal peptide confers wheat resistance to wheat yellow mosaic virus

Abstract

Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV), a soil-borne pathogen, poses a serious threat to global wheat production. Here, we identify a WYMV resistance gene, TaRD21A, that belongs to the papain-like cysteine protease family. Through genetic manipulation of TaRD21A expression, we establish its positive role in the regulation of wheat to WYMV resistance. Furthermore, our investigation shows that the TaRD21A-mediated plant antiviral response relies on the release of a small peptide catalyzed by TaRD21A protease activity. To counteract wheat resistance, WYMV-encoded nuclear inclusion protease-a (NIa) suppress TaRD21A activity to promote virus infection. In resistant cultivars, a natural variant of TaRD21A features a glycine-to-threonine substitution and this substitution enables the phosphorylation of threonine, thereby weakening the interaction between NIa and TaRD21A, reinforcing wheat resistance against WYMV. Our study not only unveils a WYMV resistance gene but also offers insights into the intricate mechanisms underpinning resistance against WYMV.

NIa-Pro of sugarcane mosaic virus targets Corn Cysteine Protease 1 (CCP1) to undermine salicylic acid-mediated defense in maize

“…Similarly, the Huanglongbing (HLB)-associated bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) effector SDE1 targets citrus PLCPs through interactions with conserved protease domains [ 23 ]. A most recent study uncovered the crucial role of PLCP TaRD21A in wheat against wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV, genus Bymovirus in the family Potyviridae ) through the release of a small peptide, while the NIa protein encoded by WYMV suppresses the activity of TaRD21A to facilitate infection in susceptible wheat [ 86 ]. Thus, direct binding of effector proteins to plant PLCP protease domains appears to be a recurrent tactic employed by microbial pathogens to suppress the activity of these immune proteases.…”

Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of APC E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Genes Family in Triticum aestivum

“…RNA was extracted from each sample (e.g., root, stem, or leaf) using the HiPure Plant RNA Mini kit (Magen, Guangzhou, China) and then reverse transcribed into cDNA using the First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Toyobo, Kita-ku, Osaka, Japan), where 1 μg of total RNA was added to 20 μL of the reaction system [ 31 ]. The real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was detected using the SYBR Green RT-qPCR mixture (Vazyme, Nanjing, China) on an ABI7900HT sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) [ 31 ]. The 2 −ΔΔCt method was used to quantify the relative gene expression [ 31 ].…”

“…The real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was detected using the SYBR Green RT-qPCR mixture (Vazyme, Nanjing, China) on an ABI7900HT sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) [ 31 ]. The 2 −ΔΔCt method was used to quantify the relative gene expression [ 31 ]. The T. aestivum cell division cycle (TaCDC) (Accession number: XM_020313450) was used as an internal reference gene [ 20 , 32 ].…”

“…In vitro transcripts of BSMV RNA α, RNA β, and RNA γ were prepared from linearized plasmid DNAs (pBSMV-α, pBSMV-β, and pBSMV-γ) using the Message T7 in vitro transcription kit (Ambion, Austin, TX; Promega, Shenzhen, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The second leaf of YM158(S) at the two-leaf stage was infected with BSMV (BSMV: γ , BSMV: TaCCS52B-2 , BSMA: TaCDC20-3 ) [ 31 ]. The third leaf of each plant was inoculated with CWMV at seven days post-inoculation (dpi).…”

Research Progress of Small Plant Peptides on the Regulation of Plant Growth, Development, and Abiotic Stress

“…The antimicrobial peptide DmAMP1W from wheat curtails the proliferation of fungi, including fungi Rhizoctonia cerealis and Bipolaris sorokiniana, effectively combating wheat sharp eyespot and root rot diseases [70]. Additionally, a variety of small peptides, such as those released by papain-like cysteine proteases, Defensin-Derived Antifungal Peptides, and small cysteine-rich (SCR) secreted proteins like RsMf8HN, play an integral role in plants' defense against fungal and bacterial pathogens [71][72][73]. The peptide VISP1, acting as a selective autophagy receptor, plays an essential role in plant immunity [74].…”