“…Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a protein that is essential for the maintenance and survival of dopamine (DA) neurons (Boger et al, 2006) and can inhibit microglial activation (Rocha, Cristovão, Campos, Fonseca, & Baltazar, 2012). Additionally, preclinical evidence suggests that infusion of GDNF into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) blocks the acquisition and expression of alcohol-induced conditioned place preference (Barak, Ahmadiantehrani, Kharazia, & Ron, 2011;Barak, Carnicella, Yowell, & Ron, 2011), rapidly reduces alcohol intake (Carnicella, Ahmadiantehrani, Janak, & Ron, 2009, Carnicella, Amamoto, & Ron, 2009Carnicella, Kharazia, Jeanblanc, Janak, & Ron, 2008), and blocks alcohol reinstatement following extinction (Carnicella et al, 2008).…”