EU targets require nearly zero energy buildings by 2020. However few reviews exist of how this has been achieved in practise in individual residential buildings. This paper presents a carbon analysis of a real installation based on the recorded performance of a low-energy house in combination with a solar DHW and space heating system which incorporates a seasonal thermal energy store. Key findings for the project are presented including the recorded DHW and space heating demand, the performance of the solar system including the Seasonal Thermal Energy Store (STES) and the results of an embedded carbon and operational carbon analysis of the heating system. The life cycle energy consumption and life cycle carbon analysis in addition to net energy ratios, are calculated for five heating system scenarios. provides an example of how a low-energy building (built in 2006), has achieved nearly zero energy 13
Net Energy analysis of a Solar Combi System with Seasonalheating through the addition of a solar domestic hot water and space heating system ("combi 14 system") with a Seasonal Thermal Energy Store (STES). The paper also presents a cumulative life 15 cycle energy and cumulative life cycle carbon analysis for the installation based on the recorded 16 DHW and space heating demand in addition to energy payback periods and net energy ratios. In 17 addition, the carbon and energy analysis is carried out for four other heating system scenarios 18 including hybrid solar thermal/PV systems in order to obtain the optimal system from a carbon 19 efficiency perspective. 20