“…While research has also found a direct link among DIME components in upper elementary grades (e.g., vocabulary and inferencing, Cain & Oakhill, 2014;vocabulary and strategies, Zargar et al, 2020; background knowledge and reading strategies, Vitale & Romance, 2007; background knowledge and inferencing, Barnes et al, 1996;Cain et al, 2001;McNamara et al, 2003), more effortful aspects of the comprehension process and interrelations among them are noticeably absent from components skills models of reading comprehension, making it difficult to understand the relative importance of each skill (McNamara & Magliano, 2009). Recent component skills models of reading comprehension have evaluated some, but not all DIME components, and typically included four out of five components with more studies including inferencing and fewer studies including strategies or knowledge as the higher-order components (Daugaard et al, 2017;Kim, 2017Kim, , 2020aKim, , 2020bKopatich et al, 2019;Magliano et al, 2020;Oakhill & Cain, 2007;Oslund et al, 2016Oslund et al, , 2018Segers & Verhoeven, 2016;Smith, 2013;Tarchi, 2010;Völlinger et al, 2018).…”