A pedestrian-based model for simulating COVID-19 transmission on college campus

Crowd dynamics research in the era of Covid-19 pandemic: Challenges and opportunities

“…These two purposes demand vastly different modelling requirements. In the case of relative risk estimation, the aim is to compare different policies and infrastructure designs (e.g., one-way versus two-way foot traffic, or different shopping mechanisms ( Harweg et al, 2021 , Li and Yin, 2021 , Romero et al, 2020 , Tong et al, 2021 , Xu and Chraibi, 2020 ). Such comparisons of risk are made based on the amount of individual-to-individual exposure that each intervention causes and will allow users to choose interventions with minimum risk.…”

“…So far, applications of modified crowd models have been extended to pandemic-related investigations in the contexts such as boarding and alighting of passengers in train stations ( Sun et al, 2021 ), boarding and alighting policies of airlines ( Islam et al, 2021b ), pedestrian traffic on university campuses and in academic buildings ( Castro and Ford, 2021 , Romero et al, 2020 ), foot traffic in shopping centres and supermarkets ( Tong et al, 2021 , Xiao et al, 2021 , Xu and Chraibi, 2020 ), and religious gatherings ( Al-Shaery et al, 2021 ). These applications have predominantly employed variations of social force pedestrian model ( Bouchnita and Jebrane, 2020 , Derjany et al, 2021 , Harweg et al, 2021 , Islam et al, 2021a , Si and Fang, 2021 , Tong et al, 2021 , Xiao et al, 2022 , Xiao et al, 2021 ), although this has not been a universal feature of pandemic-related simulation studies in crowd dynamics and other agent-based modelling paradigms such as those of cellular automata have been reported too ( Li and Yin, 2021 ).…”

Community- and Data-Driven Services for Multi-Policy Pedestrian Routing

“…A set of studies have been conducted to see how the transmission is carried out and to determine the right measures for prevention and distancing. They regard the dependency between pedestrian dynamics and epidemiology [33], the aerosol transmission [34], the mathematical modeling of disease spreading [35], and the risks of students' exposure to COVID-19 in a university building [36] or in other urban settlements [37].…”

An agent-based modelling framework for assessing SARS-CoV-2 indoor airborne transmission risk

“…CA models have been used to explore SARS-CoV-2 spread in indoor settings, though often with different transmission mechanisms and/or interventions than those explored here. Several models use pedestrian dynamics to capture movement within spaces [19, 20]. Similarly to the ABMs, the infection processes are based on Wells-Riley approaches [21], capturing multiple modes of transmission, including “direct” and aerosols [19], or progression through states [22, 23].…”

“…Several models use pedestrian dynamics to capture movement within spaces [19, 20]. Similarly to the ABMs, the infection processes are based on Wells-Riley approaches [21], capturing multiple modes of transmission, including “direct” and aerosols [19], or progression through states [22, 23]. The interventions explored by these CAs models include increased ventilation [19], controlling the numbers or rate of flows of people entering an area [19, 20, 22], closing indoor eating areas [19], vaccination [23], masks [21], and combinations of non-pharmaceutical interventions [19].…”