A Performance Benchmark for Dedicated Short-Range Communications and LTE-Based Cellular-V2X in the Context of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication and Urban Scenarios

Abstract

For more than a decade, communication systems based on the IEEE 802.11p technology—often referred to as Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC)—have been considered a de facto industry standard for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. The technology, however, is often criticized for its poor scalability, its suboptimal channel access method, and the need to install additional roadside infrastructure. In 3GPP Release 14, the functionality of existing cellular networks has been extended to support V2X use cases in an attempt to address the well-known drawbacks of the DSRC. In this paper, we present a complex simulation study in order to benchmark both technologies in a V2I communication context and an urban scenario. In particular, we compare the DSRC, LTE in the infrastructural mode (LTE-I), and LTE Device-to-Device (LTE-D2D) mode 3 in terms of the average end-to-end delay and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) under varying communication conditions achieved through the variation of the communication perimeter, message generation frequency, and road traffic intensity. The obtained results are put into the context of the networking and connectivity requirements of the most popular V2I C-ITS services. The simulation results indicate that only the DSRC technology is able to support the investigated V2I communication scenarios without any major limitations, achieving an average end-to-end delay of less than 100 milliseconds and a PDR above 96% in all of the investigated simulation scenarios. The LTE-I is applicable for the most of the low-frequency V2I services in a limited communication perimeter (<600 m) and for lower traffic intensities (<1000 vehicles per hour), achieving a delay pf less than 500 milliseconds and a PDR of up to 92%. The LTE-D2D in mode 3 achieves too great of an end-to-end delay (above 1000 milliseconds) and a PDR below 72%; thus, it is not suitable for the V2I services under consideration in a perimeter larger than 200 m. Moreover, the LTE-D2D mode 3 is very sensitive to the distance between the transmitter and its serving eNodeB, which heavily impacts the PDR achieved.

Smart Roads for Autonomous Accident Detection and Warnings

“…[26] V2X Cellular users are given first priority, followed by vehicular users [27] LTE Scalability and suboptimal-channel issues [28] ITS-G5, LTE-V2X Physical layer structure; synchronization problems in LTE-V2X [50] [30] GPS, smartphone sensors, and ZigBee GPS-related problems Prone to false positives [31] Wave sensors, GPS, ZigBee ABS technology GPS problems; specific to EVs only [32] Pulse-based short-range radar, GPS…”

“…Another study compared DSRC and LTE in infrastructure mode (LTE-I) and LTE-D2D in terms of average end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio (PDR) under various communication conditions [ 27 ], which were achieved by varying the communication perimeter, message generation frequency, and road traffic intensity.…”

Sensing fusion in vehicular network digital twins for 6G smart city

“…There are two main methods of Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication: Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) and Cellular Vehicleto-Everything (C-V2X). DSRC is supported by a series of standards, including IEEE 802.11p amendment for wireless access in vehicle environment and IEEE 1609.1-4 standard for resource management, security, network service, and multichannel operation [41,42]. In addition, the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance used in IEEE 802.11p is not suitable for key communication scenarios, that is, QoS in VN applications can't guarantee security critical messages and other real-time transmission.…”

Advancing C-V2X for Level 5 Autonomous Driving from the Perspective of 3GPP Standards

“…C-V2X is contributed by 3GPP as an alternative to DSRC, which operates in the 5.9 GHz frequency band, a band allocated around the globe for device-to-device/short-range communication. For instance, the authors of [ 3 ] describe a complex simulation study that compares both DSRC and LTE (mode 1 and mode 3) technology in a simulated urban environment.…”