A Performance Evaluation of Three-Phase Induction Electric Motors between 1945 and 2020

Abstract

In the late 19th century, the three-phase induction motor was the central element of productivity increase in the second industrial revolution in Europe and the United States. Currently, it is the main load on electrical systems in global terms, reaching approximately 70% of electrical energy consumption in the industrial sector worldwide. During the 20th century, electric motors underwent intense technological innovations that enabled significant performance gains. Thus, this work analyses the performance changes in squirrel-cage rotor three-phase induction electric motors (SCIMs) with mechanical powers of 3.7 kW, 37 kW, and 150 kW and speed ranges corresponding to two poles and eight poles, connected to a low voltage at a frequency of 60 Hz and tested between 1945 and 2020. The study confirms accumulated performance gains of above 10% in some cases. Insulating materials for electrical conductors have gone through several generations (cotton, silk, and currently, varnish). Improvements to the housing for cooling, the bearings, the quality of active materials, and the design were the elements that enabled the high gains in performance. The first commercial two-pole SCIM with a shaft power of 4.4 kW was marketed in 1891, with a weight/power ratio of 86 kg/kW, and until the 2000s, this value gradually decreased, eventually reaching 4.8 kg/kW. Between 2000 and 2020, this ratio showed a reversed trend based on improvements in the performance of SCIMs. More active materials were used, causing the weight/power ratio to reach 8.6 kg/kW. The MEPS (minimum energy performance standards) of SCIMs had an essential role in the performance gain over the last three decades. Data collection was via tests at the Electrical Machines Laboratory of the Institute of Energy and Environment of the University of São Paulo. The laboratory has a history of tests on electrical equipment dating from 1911.

Pengaruh Penambahan Kapasitor Bank terhadap Perbaikan Daya pada Direct On Line (DOL) Berbasis Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) di Motor Listrik 3 Phase

“…Penelitian lain yaitu membahas bahwa kapasitor bank memiliki kemampuan untuk memperbaiki daya kemudian perhitungan koefisien perbaikanya [12]. Kemudian penelitian Souza dkk [13] hanya membahas peforma motor induksi 3 phase dari tahun ke tahun. Penelitian yang lain hanya membahas sebagian kecil untuk perbaikan faktor daya dalam jaringan listrik tanpa memberikan solusi saran perbaikannya [1] [14].…”

“…Keunggulan yang ditonjolkan, murah, dapat dibeli dengan mudah, penggunaan yang simple sehingga langsung duhubungkan pada sumber daya AC (Alternating Current). Prinsip menurut Souza dkk & Tsani dkk [13], [22] pertama ketika tegangan 3 phasa dihubungkan pada kumparan stator, timbulah energi kinetik yang mengakibatkan mucul kecepatan. Kedua perputaran stator yang menimbulkan medan induksi di batang konduktor pada rotor, mucul ggl induksi sesuai hukum Faraday.…”

“…Motor listrik akibat dari ggl induksi akibat dari perubahan fluks listrik yang berubah tiap detiknya menjadi kecepatan atau energi mekanis [13], [23]. Kenyataanya efisiensi motor listrik memiliki Inefisiensi sistem konversi elektro-mekanis, khususnya motor listrik induksi, disebabkan oleh kehilangan energi yang mencegahnya mencapai efisiensi 100%.…”

Broken Rotor Bar Detection Based on Steady-State Stray Flux Signals Using Triaxial Sensor with Random Positioning

“…There are two types of IMs: wound rotor induction motors (WRIMs) and squirrel cage induction motors (SCIMs). As stated in [1], SCIMs account for ≈87% of the total AC motor population in the industry.…”

Sizing, Modeling, and Performance Comparison of Squirrel-Cage Induction and Wound-Field Flux Switching Motors

“…Some examples of non-PM motors are squirrel-cage induction motors (SCIMs) and switched reluctance motors (SRMs). SCIMs have been widely used historically due to their robustness, low cost, manufacturing simplicity, and easy adaptation to high-speed operation [2,3]. In contrast, a relatively new class of machines belonging to the flux modulation family has recently emerged, such as the wound-field flux switching motor (WFFSM), which is characterized by features such as high torque density, robust rotor structure, and high-speed operation [4].…”