A Perspective Review on the Application of Polyacrylonitrile‐Based Supports for Laccase Immobilization

Abstract

The use of laccases applied in bioremediation processes has been increasingly studied, given the urgent need to overcome the environmental problems caused by emerging contaminants. It is known that immobilized enzymes have better operational stability under reaction conditions, allowing for greater applicability. However, given the lack of commercially available immobilized laccases, the search for immobilization materials and methods continues to gain effort. The use of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) to immobilize enzymes has been investigated since it is a low-cost material and can be modified and functionalized to well interact with the enzyme. This polymer can be used with different morphologies such as fibers, beads, and coreshell, presenting as an easily applicable alternative. This review presents the missing link between polymer and enzyme through an overview of PAN's current use as support for laccase immobilization and polymer functionalization methods, considering the importance of immobilized laccases in several industrial sectors.

Applications and immobilization strategies of the copper-centred laccase enzyme; a review

“…Various synthetic polymers such as Polyacrylonitrile [ 183 , 545 ], polyethersulfone [ 546 ], Polypropylene [ 190 ], polyamide [ 376 ], polyhydroxybutyrate [ 547 ], polyurea [ 548 ], poly (ethyleneimine) [ 350 ], poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) [ 432 ], polypyrrole [ 68 ], polypropylene chloride [ 549 ], polymethacrylate [ 229 ], and Polyacrylamide gel [ 18 ] have been used for immobilization of laccase. The most commonly used synthetic polymers for laccase immobilization are discussed in this section.…”

A Comprehensive Review on Core‐Shell Polymeric Particles for Enzyme Immobilization

“…[66] It can be applied to other polymeric morphologies, such as the core-shell, since polymers such as polyacrylonitrile, for example, present characteristics such as easy functionalization. [67] Reactive copolymers can also be used for immobilization by covalent bonding when functionalized by amination. This type of functionalization should not change the physical parameters of the support, including its topography and surface area.…”

“…Aggarwal and collaborators (2021) state that polymeric nanomaterials are usually highly adaptable if reactions with glutaraldehyde, ethylenediamine apply activation processes, carbodiimide, or even by silanization, sulfonation, phosphorylation, and acylation/alkylation [66] . It can be applied to other polymeric morphologies, such as the core‐shell, since polymers such as polyacrylonitrile, for example, present characteristics such as easy functionalization [67] . Reactive copolymers can also be used for immobilization by covalent bonding when functionalized by amination.…”

Functionalized polyacrylonitrile particles as a promising support for the immobilization of laccase fromTrametes versicolor

“…In this sense, the choice of support is an important step, as the reaction medium, the enzyme-support interaction, and the main objectives of the application must be considered. 8 From this point of view, synthetic polymers have received significant attention lately as enzymatic supports because they present easy production and low synthesis costs. Furthermore, the presence of functional or functionalizable groups in the structure of the polymers used in immobilization allows the formation of relatively strong interactions between the support and the enzyme.…”