A pharmacokinetic model for predicting pesticide residues in fish

Krzeminski, Stephen F.; Gilbert, Joseph; Ritts, John A.

doi:10.1007/bf02220898

“…The use of BCF and BAF, subsequently referred to as BCF for simplicity, as quantitative measures that indicate the potential toxicological impact of substances [4,18] was developed and validated for neutral hydrophobic organic substances [4,19–27]. This development as an indicator of the long‐term hazard potential was due to the limited data on the chronic toxicity of these substances.…”

Section: Theoretical Basis Of the Bcf/baf Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inverse relationship between bioconcentration factor and exposure concentration for metals: Implications for hazard assessment of metals in the aquatic environment

McGeer

¹

,

Brix²,

Skeaff

³

et al. 2003

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) are used as the criteria for bioaccumulation in the context of identifying and classifying substances that are hazardous to the aquatic environment. The BCF/BAF criteria, while developed as surrogates for chronic toxicity and/or biomagnification of anthropogenic organic substances, are applied to all substances including metals. This work examines the theoretical and experimental basis for the use of BCF/BAF in the hazard assessment of Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Ag. As well, BCF/BAFs for Hg (methyl and inorganic forms) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were evaluated. The BCF/BAF data for Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Ag were characterized by extreme variability in mean BCF/BAF values and a clear inverse relationship between BCF/BAF and aqueous exposure. The high variability persisted when even when data were limited to an exposure range where chronic toxicity would be expected. Mean BCF/BAF values for Hg were also variable, but the inverse relationship was equivocal, in contrast with HCB, which conformed to the BCF model. This study illustrates that the BCF/BAF criteria, as currently applied, are inappropriate for the hazard identification and classification of metals. Furthermore, using BCF and BAF data leads to conclusions that are inconsistent with the toxicological data, as values are highest (indicating hazard) at low exposure concentrations and are lowest (indicating no hazard) at high exposure concentrations, where impacts are likely. Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors do not distinguish between essential mineral nutrient, normal background metal bioaccumulation, the adaptive capabilities of animals to vary uptake and elimination within the spectrum of exposure regimes, nor the specific ability to sequester, detoxify, and store internalized metal from metal uptake that results in adverse effect. An alternative to BCF, the accumulation factor (ACF), for metals was assessed and, while providing an improvement, it did not provide a complete solution. A bioaccumulation criterion for the hazard identification of metals is required, and work directed at linking chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation may provide some solutions.

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“…The use of BCF and BAF, subsequently referred to as BCF for simplicity, as quantitative measures that indicate the potential toxicological impact of substances [4,18] was developed and validated for neutral hydrophobic organic substances [4,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. This development as an indicator of the long-term hazard potential was due to the limited data on the chronic toxicity of these substances.…”

Section: Theoretical Basis Of the Bcf/baf Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inverse Relationship Between Bioconcentration Factor and Exposure Concentration for Metals: Implications for Hazard Assessment of Metals in the Aquatic Environment

McGeer¹,

Brix²,

Skeaff³

et al. 2003

Environ Toxicol Chem

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The bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) are used as the criteria for bioaccumulation in the context of identifying and classifying substances that are hazardous to the aquatic environment. The BCF/BAF criteria, while developed as surrogates for chronic toxicity and/or biomagnification of anthropogenic organic substances, are applied to all substances including metals. This work examines the theoretical and experimental basis for the use of BCF/BAF in the hazard assessment of Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Ag. As well, BCF/BAFs for Hg (methyl and inorganic forms) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were evaluated. The BCF/BAF data for Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Ag were characterized by extreme variability in mean BCF/BAF values and a clear inverse relationship between BCF/BAF and aqueous exposure. The high variability persisted when even when data were limited to an exposure range where chronic toxicity would be expected. Mean BCF/BAF values for Hg were also variable, but the inverse relationship was equivocal, in contrast with HCB, which conformed to the BCF model. This study illustrates that the BCF/BAF criteria, as currently applied, are inappropriate for the hazard identification and classification of metals. Furthermore, using BCF and BAF data leads to conclusions that are inconsistent with the toxicological data, as values are highest (indicating hazard) at low exposure concentrations and are lowest (indicating no hazard) at high exposure concentrations, where impacts are likely. Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors do not distinguish between essential mineral nutrient, normal background metal bioaccumulation, the adaptive capabilities of animals to vary uptake and elimination within the spectrum of exposure regimes, nor the specific ability to sequester, detoxify, and store internalized metal from metal uptake that results in adverse effect. An alternative to BCF, the accumulation factor (ACF), for metals was assessed and, while providing an improvement, it did not provide a complete solution. A bioaccumulation criterion for the hazard identification of metals is required, and work directed at linking chronic toxicity and bioaccumulation may provide some solutions.

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“… Notes:1: Canton and Mathijssen-Spiekman (1983) ; ECHA (2015a) ; Fitzgerald and Faust (1963) ; Lusse et al (1986) ; Mayer et al (2001) , as cited in TRS (2011) ; Nyberg (1988) ; TRS (2011) ; Utsunomiya et al (1997) ; Wong and Wainwright (1994) 2: Canton and Mathijssen-Spiekman (1983) ; ECHA (2015a) ; HESI (2019) ; Huber et al (1994) ; Jenkins (2007) , as cited in TRS (2011) ; Lavorgna et al (2015) ; Li (2008) ; Liao and Guo (1990) ; Liu et al (2007) ; McIntyre and Pate (1992) , as cited in TRS (2011) ; Oplinger and Wagner (2009a) ; Pate and McIntyre (1991) , as cited in TRS (2011) ; TRS (2011) ; USEPA (2002 , 2006f , 2019b ); Vallejo-Freire et al (1954) ; Waller et al (1996) 3: Applegate et al (1957) ; Bills et al (1993) ; Bond et al (1960) ; Bouck and Johnson (1979) ; Byrne et al (1989) ; Canton and Mathijssen-Spiekman (1983) ; Ciereszko et al (2004) ; Cope (1965) ; ECHA (2015a) ; HESI (2019) ; Holland et al (1960) ; Hoskins and Dalziel (1984) ; Hughes (1973) ; Jones (1962) ; Krzeminski et al (1977) ; MacPhee and Ruelle (1969) ; Mayer and Ellersieck (1986) ; McIntyre and Pate (1992b) , as cited in TRS (2011) ; …”

Section: Ecotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of ecological hazards and environmental fate of disinfectant quaternary ammonium compounds

DeLeo

¹

,

Huynh

²

,

Pattanayek

³

et al. 2020

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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Disinfectant quaternary ammonium compounds (Quats) have diverse uses in a variety of consumer and commercial products, particularly cleaning products. With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, they have become a primary tool to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus on surfaces. Disinfectant Quats have very low vapor pressure, and following the use phase of the products in which they are found, disposal is typically “down-the-drain” to wastewater treatment systems. Consequently, the potential for the greatest environmental effect is to the aquatic environment, from treated effluent, and potentially to soils, which might be amended with wastewater biosolids. Among the earliest used and still common disinfectant Quats are the alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) compounds and the dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) compounds. They are cationic surfactants often found in consumer and commercial surface cleaners. Because of their biocidal properties, disinfectant Quats are heavily regulated for human and environmental safety around the world. Consequently, there is a robust database of information regarding the ecological hazards and environmental fate of ADBAC and DDAC; however, some of the data presented are from unpublished studies that have been submitted to and reviewed by regulatory agencies (i.e., EPA and European Chemicals Agency) to support antimicrobial product registration. We summarize the available environmental fate data and the acute and chronic aquatic ecotoxicity data for freshwater species, including algae, invertebrates, fish, and plants using peer-reviewed literature and unpublished data submitted to and summarized by regulatory agencies. The lower limit of the range of the ecotoxicity data for disinfectant Quats tends to be lower than that for other surface active agents, such as nonionic or anionic surfactants. However, ecotoxicity is mitigated by environmental fate characteristics, the data for which we also summarize, including high biodegradability and a strong tendency to sorb to wastewater biosolids, sediment, and soil. As a result, disinfectant Quats are largely removed during wastewater treatment, and those residues discharged in treated effluent are likely to rapidly bind to suspended solids or sediments, thus mitigating their toxicity.

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A pharmacokinetic model for predicting pesticide residues in fish

Cited by 14 publications

References 8 publications

Inverse relationship between bioconcentration factor and exposure concentration for metals: Implications for hazard assessment of metals in the aquatic environment

Inverse relationship between bioconcentration factor and exposure concentration for metals: Implications for hazard assessment of metals in the aquatic environment

Inverse Relationship Between Bioconcentration Factor and Exposure Concentration for Metals: Implications for Hazard Assessment of Metals in the Aquatic Environment

Assessment of ecological hazards and environmental fate of disinfectant quaternary ammonium compounds

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