A phased array based on large-area electronics that operates at gigahertz frequency

Wu, Can; Mehlman, Yoni; Kumar, Prakhar; Moy, Tiffany; Jia, Huang; Ma, Yue; Wagner, S.; Sturm, James C.; Verma, Naveen

doi:10.1038/s41928-021-00648-z

Cited by 19 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Various sensors and wearable electronic devices are flourishing to meet the needs of the Internet of Things era where everything is connected. [ 1–5 ] Harvesting micromechanical energy such as vibration, wind, and water wave energy, which are widely distributed in the environment to power these electronic devices instead of one‐time energy sources such as fossil fuels is a very clean and sustainable solution. [ 6,7 ] Many traditional energy conversion technologies such as electromagnetic generators, [ 8 ] piezoelectric generators, [ 9 ] and photovoltaic generators [ 10 ] emerge as the times require.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various sensors and wearable electronic devices are flourishing to meet the needs of the Internet of Things era where everything is connected. [1][2][3][4][5] Harvesting micromechanical energy such as vibration, wind, and water wave energy, which are widely distributed in the environment to power these electronic devices instead of one-time energy sources such as fossil pump effect. Based on both effects, the surface charge density of the FC-TENG could arrive at a higher value of 2.85 mC m −2 in ambient environmental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ferromagnetic‐Based Charge‐Accumulation Triboelectric Nanogenerator With Ultrahigh Surface Charge Density

Liu

et al. 2022

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An encouraging micro‐energy harvesting technology, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), has been proven to transfer ambient environmental micro‐energy into electricity, but a low surface charge density results in low performance and limits the practical application of TENG. Here, a ferromagnetic‐based charge‐accumulation TENG (FC–TENG) is proposed with ultrahigh surface charge density and performances. The FC–TENG introduces a ferromagnetic media to enhance the output charge by magnetization effect. Meanwhile, the charge can also be continuously accumulated by the charge pump effects. Based on these two effects, an ultra‐high surface charge density of 2.85 mC m−2 is obtained under ambient atmospheric conditions using an ultra‐thin PET film (3 µm) and deposited Permalloy ferromagnetic electrodes. Meanwhile, the surface charge density of the FC–TENG can always maintain more than 1.5 mC m−2, even if the relative humidity arrives at 90%. This work provides a prospective technical mode to enhance the surface charge density of TENG, which would shed a new insight and guidance on the high‐performance TENG for various environmental conditions such as the ocean, industrial manufacturing, aerospace, and rail traffic.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferromagnetic‐Based Charge‐Accumulation Triboelectric Nanogenerator With Ultrahigh Surface Charge Density

Liu

et al. 2022

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“…being actively explored, and recent research pushing LAE to the GHz regime has begun to envision its potential for wireless applications, in particular the Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G/6G [14]- [16]. Future wireless systems will employ densely distributed sensor nodes for rich contextual information and high-resolution measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spatial resolution of radiated beams is determined by the ratio of the antenna-aperture size (𝐷𝐷) to the radiation wavelength (𝜆𝜆). Larger 𝐷𝐷 𝜆𝜆 ⁄ values provide higher spatial resolution (𝐷𝐷 𝜆𝜆 ⁄ > 3 is necessary for practical systems), and also enable the synthesis and control of diverse radiation patterns [16], [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Device, Circuit, and System Design for Enabling Giga-Hertz Large-Area Electronics

Fata

et al. 2022

IEEE Open J. Solid-State Circuits Soc.

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Recent progress has substantially increased the operating frequency of large-area electronic (LAE) devices. Their integration into circuits has enabled unprecedented system-level capabilities, towards future wireless applications for the Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G/6G. These exploit large dimensions and flexible form-factors. In this work, we focus on giga-Hertz (GHz) zinc-oxide (ZnO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) as a foundational device for enabling GHz LAE circuits and systems. To further understand their operation and limits in the newly possible frequency regime, we incorporate the effects of temperature and of nonquasi-static (NQS) physics into the device models. We then analyze operation including these effects on a fundamental circuit block, the cross-coupled inductor-capacitor (LC) oscillator. It is used in representative LAE systems, namely a 13.56 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 radiofrequency identification (RFID) reader array for near-field energy transfer, and a 1 𝐺𝐺𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 phased array for far-field radiation beam steering. Co-design of devices, circuits, and systems is essential for achieving flexible and meter-scale monolithic integrated LAE wireless systems. For these, understanding temperature limitations and the NQS effect is crucial.

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“…In fact, reconfigurable antennas are known to exhibit radiation characteristics that can be varied by electrical, mechanical (physical) or optical tuning mechanisms even at a constant frequency. [9][10][11][12] However, these mechanisms often rely on external energy resources (e.g., direct-current or DC power supplies) that require regular maintenance and thus are not suitable for complicated systems containing a large number of wireless communication devices, as expected, for instance, in advanced IoT sensor networks for industrial plants, healthcare services and smart houses and cities. [13,14] In addition, the quest for the zero-power devices required by the current energy/climate challenges is ever growing.…”

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confidence: 99%

Pulse-Driven Self-Reconfigurable Meta-Antennas

Ushikoshi¹,

Higashiura²,

Tachi³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Wireless communications and sensing have notably advanced thanks to the recent developments in both software and hardware. Although various modulation schemes have been proposed to efficiently use the limited frequency resources by exploiting several degrees of freedom, antenna performance is essentially governed by frequency only. Here, we present a new antenna design concept based on metasurfaces to manipulate antenna performances in response to the time width of electromagnetic pulses. We numerically and experimentally show that by using a proper set of spatially arranged metasurfaces loaded with lumped circuits, ordinary omnidirectional antennas can be reconfigured by the incident pulse width to exhibit directional characteristics varying over hundreds of milliseconds or billions of cycles, far beyond conventional performance. We demonstrate that the proposed concept can be applied for sensing, selective reception under simultaneous incidence and mutual communications as the first step to expand existing frequency resources based on pulse width.

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A phased array based on large-area electronics that operates at gigahertz frequency

Cited by 19 publications

References 53 publications

Ferromagnetic‐Based Charge‐Accumulation Triboelectric Nanogenerator With Ultrahigh Surface Charge Density

Ferromagnetic‐Based Charge‐Accumulation Triboelectric Nanogenerator With Ultrahigh Surface Charge Density

Device, Circuit, and System Design for Enabling Giga-Hertz Large-Area Electronics

Pulse-Driven Self-Reconfigurable Meta-Antennas

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