A phased chromosome-level genome of the annelid tubewormGaleolaria caespitosa

Abstract

Haplotype-resolved (phased) genome assemblies are emerging as important assets for genomic studies of species with high heterozygosity, but remain lacking for key animal lineages. Here, we use PacBio HiFi and Omni-C technologies to assemble the first phased, annotated, chromosome-level genome for any annelid: the reef-building tubewormGaleolaria caespitosa(Serpulidae). The assembly is 803.5 Mbp long (scaffold N50 = 76.5 Mbp) for haplotype 1 and 789.3 Mbp long (scaffold N50 = 75.4 Mbp) for haplotype 2, which are arranged into 11 pairs of chromosomes showing no sign of sex chromosomes. This compares with cytological analyses reporting 12-13 pairs inGaleolaria's closest relatives, including species that are protandrous hermaphrodites. We combined long-read and short-read transcriptome sequencing to annotate both haplotypes, resulting in 43,191 predicted proteins for haplotype 1, 39,675 proteins for haplotype two, and 55.5% of proteins with at least one functional annotation. We also assembled a mitochondrial genome 23 Kbp long, annotating all genes typically found in mitochondrial DNA apart from those coding the16Sribosomal subunit and the proteinatp8- a short, fast-evolving mitochondrial gene missing in other metazoans. ComparingGaleolaria's genome to those of three other annelids reveals limited collinearity despite 32.2% of shared orthologous gene clusters (4,248 of 13,174 clusters counted inGaleolaria), suggesting extensive chromosomal rearrangements among lineages. New high-quality annelid genomes may help resolve the genetic and evolutionary basis of this diversity.