The escalating threat of phishing attacks poses significant challenges to cybersecurity, necessitating innovative approaches for detection and mitigation. This paper addresses this need by presenting a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art methodologies for phishing detection, spanning traditional machine learning techniques to cutting-edge deep learning frameworks. The review encompasses a diverse range of methods, including list-based approaches, machine learning algorithms, graph-based analysis, deep learning models, network embedding techniques, and generative adversarial networks (GANs). Each method is meticulously scrutinized, highlighting its rationale, advantages, and empirical results. For instance, deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs), demonstrate superior detection performance, leveraging their ability to extract complex patterns from phishing data. Ensemble learning techniques and GANs offer additional benefits by enhancing detection accuracy and resilience against adversarial attacks. The impact of this review extends beyond academic discourse, informing practitioners and policymakers about the evolving landscape of phishing detection. By elucidating the strengths and limitations of existing methods, this paper guides the development of more robust and effective cybersecurity solutions. Moreover, the insights gleaned from this review lay the groundwork for future research endeavors, such as integrating contextual information, user behavior analysis, and explainable AI techniques into phishing detection systems. Ultimately, this work contributes to the collective effort to fortify digital defenses against sophisticated phishing threats, safeguarding the integrity of online ecosystems.
