A Photoacoustic Sensor System for Time Resolved Quantification of Diesel Soot Emissions

Schindler, Wolfgang; Haisch, Christoph; Beck, Harald A.; Nießner, Reinhard; Jacob, Eberhard; Rothe, Dieter

doi:10.4271/2004-01-0968

Cited by 118 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The MSS operates on the photoacoustic principle. The aerosol passes through a resonator cell were it is exposed to an intensitymodulated 808 nm laser beam (at the resonance frequency of the cell) that is preferentially absorbed by soot particles leading to a periodic heating and cooling of the surrounding carrier gas (Schindler et al 2004). This is manifested as a periodic sound wave which is measured by a sensitive microphone.…”

Section: Light Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is manifested as a periodic sound wave which is measured by a sensitive microphone. Accordingly, the response of the MSS is proportional to the light absorption coefficient and concentration of the particles, i.e., BC mass concentration, and is calibrated against the insoluble mass fraction of CAST particles (Schindler et al 2004). Each MSS instrument was connected to a conditioning unit providing a fixed dilution ratio of 3:1 at the sampling point.…”

Section: Light Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among them, the Combustion Aerosol Standard (CAST) generator and the more compact mini-CAST (Jing 1999) are the most widely used (Schindler et al 2004;Cossette et al 2010;Gysel et al 2012). The operating principle of the CAST generator is based on the quenching of a diffusion propane flow using nitrogen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Combustion Aerosol Produced by a Mini-CAST and Treated in a Catalytic Stripper

Mamakos

Khalek

Giannelli

et al. 2013

Aerosol Science and Technology

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We characterized the properties of combustion aerosol produced at different operating conditions of a mini-CAST burner that was treated in a Catalytic Stripper (CS) operating at 300• C. The goal was to establish a methodology for the production of soot particles resembling those emitted from internal combustion engines. Thermo-optical analysis of samples collected on Quartz filters revealed that the particles contained semi-volatile material that survived the CS. The amount of semi-volatile species strongly depended on the operating conditions ranging from less than 10% to as high as 30% of the particle mass. The mini-CAST operating conditions were also found to have a strong effect on the effective particle density (ρ e ). The ρ e , for example, ranged from as low as 0.3 to 1.05 g/cm 3 for mondisperse 80 nm particles, although the massmobility exponent remained relatively constant (2.1-2.25). These differences are indicative of differences in the primary particle diameter, which was estimated to range between 8.5 and 34 nm depending on the operating conditions. The different types of particles produced were also found to exhibit different affinities for butanol but also different light absorption per mass of elemental carbon which can, therefore, lead to inconsistencies in aerosol instrumentation calibrations (e.g., condensation and optical particle counters, photoacoustic sensors). The work highlights the importance of establishing a detailed and well-defined method in using the mini-CAST-CS approach for instrument calibration in ways mimicking various engine combustion sources.

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Section: Light Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Light Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Combustion Aerosol Produced by a Mini-CAST and Treated in a Catalytic Stripper

Mamakos

Khalek

Giannelli

et al. 2013

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…The MSS measures soot concentration on a secondeby-second basis using the photo-acoustic principle (Schindler et al, 2004). The gravimetric filter attachment measurement is used to calibrate the time resolved MSS soot measurements by comparing the accumulated soot signal from the MSS with the total mass from the filter.…”

Section: Pems Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluations of in-use emission factors from off-road construction equipment

Cao

Durbin

Russell

et al. 2016

Atmospheric Environment

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In-use emission measurements were made from twenty-seven pieces of construction equipment, which included four backhoes, six wheel loaders, four excavators, two scrapers (one with two engines), six bulldozers, and four graders. This is the largest study of off-road equipment emissions using 40 CFR part 1065 compliant PEMS equipment for all regulated gaseous and particulate emissions. The large variability in emissions, especially for NO x and PM, could have important implications for developing accurate emissions inventories and models. This variability is primarily due to differences in engine load factors for different types of work and combinations of work and idle time and the displacement of the engines. a b s t r a c t Gaseous and particle emissions from construction engines contribute an important fraction of the total air pollutants released into the atmosphere and are gaining increasing regulatory attention. Robust quantification of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and particulate matter (PM) emissions are necessary to inventory the contribution of construction equipment to atmospheric loadings. Theses emission inventories require emissions factors from construction equipment as a function of equipment type and modes of operation. While the development of portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) has led to increased studies of construction equipment emissions, emissions data are still much more limited than for on-road vehicles. The goal of this research program was to obtain accurate in-use emissions data from a test fleet of newer construction equipment (model year 2002 or later) using a Code of Federal Requirements (CFR) compliant PEMS system. In-use emission measurements were made from twenty-seven pieces of construction equipment, which included four backhoes, six wheel loaders, four excavators, two scrapers (one with two engines), six bulldozers, and four graders. The engines ranged in model year from 2003 to 2012, in rated horsepower (hp) from 92 to 540 hp, and in hours of operation from 24 to 17,149 h. This is the largest study of off-road equipment emissions using 40 CFR part 1065 compliant PEMS equipment for all regulated gaseous and particulate emissions. a r t i c l e i n f oPublished by Elsevier Ltd.

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“…The SAE E-31 committee is currently considering measuring only the black carbon fraction because it can be readily measured in real-time with existing instrumentation. The instruments under consideration by SAE E-31 are the laser-induced incandescence instrument (LII 300) (Snelling et al 2005) and the photo-acoustic Micro-Soot Sensor (MSS) (Schindler et al 2004). Both of these instruments use the absorption of light energy by black carbon to determine its mass concentration; the LII measures the resultant incandescence of the particles, while the MSS measures the pressure wave caused by the particles heating the surrounding air, amplified in a resonance chamber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demonstration of the CPMA-Electrometer System for Calibrating Black Carbon Particulate Mass Instruments

Dickau

Johnson

Thomson

et al. 2015

Aerosol Science and Technology

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A Photoacoustic Sensor System for Time Resolved Quantification of Diesel Soot Emissions

Cited by 118 publications

References 4 publications

Characterization of Combustion Aerosol Produced by a Mini-CAST and Treated in a Catalytic Stripper

Characterization of Combustion Aerosol Produced by a Mini-CAST and Treated in a Catalytic Stripper

Evaluations of in-use emission factors from off-road construction equipment

Demonstration of the CPMA-Electrometer System for Calibrating Black Carbon Particulate Mass Instruments

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