A phylogenetic revision of the genus Hypnum: Towards completion

Abstract

The taxonomy of pleurocarpous mosses has long been based on a few key characters such as the presence or absence of a single costa or the posture of the leaves. Molecular analyses performed in the past two decades have often challenged the traditional familial and generic delimitations, as these simple characters have evolved repeatedly. For nearly a century the genus Hypnum has been defined principally by the combination of falcate leaves with a short double costa, differentiated alar cells and the mostly procumbent growth form. Although several earlier treatments revealed the polyphyly of Hypnum in its traditional sense, none of them included a representative selection of the species on a worldwide basis. Therefore, we sampled most of the taxa that were attributed to the genus by the monographer H. Ando, and performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis using DNA sequence data from two chloroplast loci and the nuclear ribosomal ITS region. The outcome of this analysis was a revision of the phylogenetic affinities of these representative taxa; we also matched more than 15 molecularly defined lineages of Hypnum s.l. to morphological characters and solved several nomenclatural problems. Consequently, we suggest taxonomic and nomenclatural re-arrangements, which encompass the vast majority of taxa attributed to Hypnum and do not contradict their known molecular affinities. We deliver additional support for some of the most recent delimitations of Hypnum s.l. but introduce new data to refute the proposals for the segregation of the genera Lignocariosa and Insomniella, which can be accommodated in the existing genera Pseudohygrohypnum and Calohypnum, respectively. Similarly, we dispute the inclusion of Hypnum sauteri in Anacamptodon and propose the establishment of a new genus for this species. Instead of placing Callicladium in the Hypnaceae and Jochenia in the Entodontaceae, respectively, we propose new families for these two genera. Finally, we propose three other new genera to accommodate (1) Hypnum circinale, (2) H. chrysogaster with H. subchrysogaster, and (3) H. dieckii, respectively. The main diagnostic features of Hypnum in earlier treatments are shown to represent broadly distributed homoplastic characters, correlated with adaptation to the habitat conditions, such as the moisture content.

A revision of the genus Orthothecium (Plagiotheciaceae, Bryophyta) in northern Eurasia

“…DNA isolation, PCR and sequencing. The samples were partly processed at the Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden in Moscow (isolates annotated as OK####, see Appendix) following the protocols described in Fedosov et al (2016), and partly in the molecular laboratory of the Department of Botany at University of South Bohemia (isolates annotated as Ot####), following the protocols described in Kučera et al (2019). These collections are marked in Appendix as deposited in CBFS.…”

“…The analyses included Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML), using the MrBayes 3.2.7a (Ronquist et al, 2012) and RAxML v. 8.2.12 (Stamatakis, 2014) software packages run at the cluster computer facilities of MetaCentrum VO (see Acknowledgement). For the parameters of the analyses, see Kučera et al (2019). TreeGraph 2 (Stöver & Müller, 2010) was finally used to summarise the topology and support from different analyses, and the resulting trees were then further edited graphically in the Inkscape v.0.92 program under the GPLv2+ licence.…”

Could Bryophagous Beetles (Coleoptera: Byrrhidae) Help Us Understand Bryophyte Taxonomy? Preferences within the Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. Species Complex

“…[ 19 , 20 ]. Within the entire Hypnum genus which is sometimes considered highly polyphyletic, the H. cupressiforme forms quite a compact clade [ 21 , 22 ].…”

New Asian localities of Hymenostylium xerophilum and H. gracillimum

“…MATERIAL AND morphologically only attributable to genus Hymenostylium were isolated for DNA and amplified for three loci: nuclear ribosomal ITS spanning ITS1, 5.8 rRNA and ITS2, chloroplast rps4 gene with the adjacent spacer towards trnS tRNA gene, and the trnM-trnV spacer. The specimen Frey & Kürschner 1-3949 was extracted using the Qiagene Extractor in the facilities of Royal Botanic Gardens Edin-burgh, and further processed with other samples specified in the Appendix in the molecular laboratory of the Department of Botany at University of South Bohemia following the protocols described in Kučera & al. (2019).…”

“…The analyses included Bayesian Inference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML), using the MrBayes 3.2.6 (Ronquist et al, 2012) and RAxML v. 8.2.8 (Stamatakis, 2014) software packages run at the cluster computer facilities of MetaCentrum VO (see Acknowledgement). For the parameters of the analyses, see Kučera & al. (2019).…”