A phylogeny of the “evil tribe” (Vernonieae: Compositae) reveals Old/New World long distance dispersal: Support from separate and combined congruent datasets (trnL-F, ndhF, ITS)

Diversity of non-glandular trichomes in subtribe Lychnophorinae (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) and taxonomic implications

“…Type E is found outside of Lychnophorinae in the closely related subtribe Sipolisiinae (except Hololepis with type C trichome) (Loeuille et al 2013) and Piptocarphinae, the latter sharing with Lychnophorinae also the type D trichome, especially bladder-like (subtype D2) (Haro-Carrión and Robinson 2008;Loeuille 2011). Phylogenetic analyses (Keeley et al 2007;Loeuille 2011) indicate a close relationship between Lychnophorinae and Sipolisiinae, but a more distant one with the Piptocarphinae. It is worth noting that type D and E trichomes co-occur with type A in Lychnophorinae and Sipolisiinae, whereas type A has not been found in Piptocarphinae (Loeuille 2011).…”

“…Gleason, previously synonymized by Robinson (1993). These two latter genera have, respectively, T-shaped and simple trichomes (Keeley et al 2007;Robinson 2009). Differences in trichome type in Old World Vernonieae genera also assisted the separation of Acilepis D. Don, which has simple trichomes, from the Cyanthillium Blume group, with T-shaped trichomes (Adedeji and Jewoola 2008;Robinson 2009).…”

“…The pollen is highly ornamented, lophate, sublophate, echinate or psilate (Keeley and Jones 1979;Keeley and Robinson 2009). The tribe is rich in genera with only one or two species (about 60 %), clearly reflecting how poorly the relationships between Vernonieae genera and subtribes are understood (Keeley et al 2007;Keeley and Robinson 2009).…”

“…The first molecular phylogeny of Vernonieae (Keeley et al 2007) does not solve issues regarding Lychnophorinae, due to the poor sampling of Brazilian taxa. The genera currently recognized in subtribe Lychnophorinae are: Anteremanthus, Chronopappus, Eremanthus (including Vanillosmopsis), Lychnophora (including Haplostephium), Lychnophoriopsis, Minasia, Paralychnophora, Piptolepis, Prestelia, Proteopsis and Vinicia.…”

Diversidad y distribución de la tribu Vernonieae (Asteraceae) en México

“…Asimismo, dividió a cada subgénero en un gran número de secciones, subsecciones y series, las cuales lejos de resolver los problemas taxonó-micos derivaron en una clasificación artificial. Sin embargo, en trabajos posteriores, realizados tanto con caracteres morfológicos (Keeley y Turner, 1990), como moleculares (Keeley y Jansen, 1994;Keeley et al, 2007), los dos subgéneros identificados por Jones se han mantenido como linajes independientes.…”