“…Researchers have developed and applied a variety of different conceptual models and modeling approaches for the flow of water through saturated fractured porous media (Berkowitz 2002). Wu and Pruess (2005) categorized the models for fractured and cracked media into three categories; namely, (1) an explicit discrete-fracture and matrix model (e.g., Snow 1965;Stothoff and Or 2000), (2) a dual-continuum model, including double-and multiporosity, dual-hydraulic conductivity, or a more general ''Multiple Interacting Continua'''(MINC) model (e.g., Barenblatt et al 1960;Warren and Root 1963;Kazemi 1969;Pruess and Narasimhan 1985), and (3) an effective-continuum model (e.g., Wu 2000).…”