This paper gives a brief review of the effect of temperature and pressure on Raman spectra. Anharmonicity, defined by the cubic, quartic and higher terms in the potential expansion, is shown to be responsible for various properties such as dilatation or for variations of wavenumber and half-width of Raman bands with temperature and pressure, or may be strongly involved in phase transitions. This contribution does not pretend to be an exhaustive review on the subject but aims to introduce some basic concepts in a tutorial way before showing how intricated are these manifestations of anharmonicity. Copyright
INTRODUCTIONProperties of materials are dependent on temperature and pressure. All applied research consists in studying the temperature and pressure dependence of their physical properties with a view to preparing the material to exhibit the expected properties in specific conditions of thermal and mechanical stress environment. Basic research consists in relating micro/meso-structural properties with the other physical properties. These relations exist via coupling coefficients which are often defined by a linear relationship. The present review presents the relations which govern the temperature and pressure dependence of the usual spectral parameters such as wavenumber, half-width and intensity of Raman bands. We shall point out the nonlinearity, also defined as anharmonicity, of the corresponding relationships. A tutorial and brief presentation of anharmonic effects in solids can be found in Chapter 8 of Ref. 1. As written by Sherman and Wilkinson, 2,3 in a completely harmonic approximation, where the force constant operating between any two masses is truly a constant and independent of the distance between the masses, the application of pressure would cause no observable frequency shift effects at all. The same statement can be done about the effect of temperature. However, as it becomes evident in the present special issue, this is not verified experimentally.Ł Correspondence to: Guy Lucazeau, LEPMI, (CNRS UMR 5631), Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, BP 75, F-38402 St. Martin d'Hères, Cedex, France. E-mail: guy.lucazeau@lepmi.inpg.fr † In memory of Evangelos Anastassakis, who should have been solicited for writing a review paper on such a subject.One of the aims of this paper is to point out that the measurements of temperature-or pressure-induced frequency shifts are measurements of the anharmonicity of the interactions that supply the restoring force constants. Let us point out that because pressure or temperature induces isotropic or anisotropic deformations of molecules and crystals, the pressure or stress-induced and the temperatureinduced frequency shifts / are mainly determined by the associated deformation V/V. It is thus important to analyze the effects of temperature and pressure together. The origin of the deformation induced by these two external parameters is different. Pressure affects the equilibrium spacings between nuclei, distorts the electron clouds and through them...