A place-based analysis of COVID-19 risk factors in Bangladesh urban slums: a secondary analysis of World Bank microdata

Hasan, Shaikh Mehdi; Das, Susmita; Hanifi, Syed Manzoor Ahmed; Shafique, Sohana; Rasheed, Sabrina; Reidpath, Daniel D.

doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10230-z

Cited by 22 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Due to overcrowding, congestion, and lack of proper sanitation and water, underprivileged rural migrants in urban slums may experience poor HRQoL [ 14 , 15 ]. To date, there are no peer-reviewed studies that have investigated HRQoL among the lower-income adult population who migrated from different parts of the country to slum areas of Dhaka city.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, migrating to a new environment, with a different pattern of living, food consumption, climatic changes, more crowded conditions, and so forth, may increase individuals’ exposures to a number of additional risk factors for different diseases [ 13 ]. The urban poor living in slums may be particularly affected, given a disproportionate exposure to poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) [ 14 ], as well as air pollution, all of which are associated with the lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health-Related Quality of Life among Rural-Urban Migrants Living in Dhaka Slums: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Bangladesh

Koly

Islam

Reidpath

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background: The study aimed to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its associated factors among urban slum dwellers who migrated from different rural parts of Bangladesh. Methods: The present study analyzed data from a Migration and Mobility Determinants on Health survey and was conducted in 2017 among 935 migrant slum dwellers of Dhaka city (North & South) and Gazipur City Corporations, as a part of the icddr,b’s Urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (UHDSS). The face-to-face interviews were conducted with the adult population by using a semi-structured questionnaire that included variables related to socio-demographics, migration, occupation, and HRQoL (SF-12). Bivariate and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with HRQoL. Results: The mean (±SD) scores of physical component summary (PCS), and mental component summary (MCS) were 57.40 ± 22.73 and 60.77 ± 22.51, respectively. As per multiple regression analysis, lower PCS scores were associated with having older age, being female, and not having any job. Mean MCS scores were significantly lower among participants who reported having older age, not having any job, not working/ less working hours (≤8 h/day), as well as increased work-related stress in the current urban slum. Conclusions: The findings suggest that available urban social protection programs should include a comprehensive social safety net for the improvement of the slum infrastructure as well as proper health care and risk mitigation plans at workplaces.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health-Related Quality of Life among Rural-Urban Migrants Living in Dhaka Slums: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Bangladesh

Koly

Islam

Reidpath

et al. 2021

IJERPH

Self Cite

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“…Prior studies on slums in Bangladesh identified that nearly 90% of slum dwellings are overcrowded and 48% of them possess a dwelling area of less than 9.3 m 2 (Islam et al, 2019). Therefore, in this context, where the pattern of work and living arrangement of these people substantially require frequent physical contact in congested places like slums, these low-income people are at the risk of being affected by the covid-19 either physically or by its socio-economic causalities (Hasan et al, 2021 andSohel et al, 2021). Moreover, the lack of access to pure drinking water and proper sanitation make defenceless against any type of viruses including covid-19 (Hasan et al, 2021) and therefore, considering the socio-economic settings, urban slums have been identified as potential hotspots for the spread of covid-19, (Sharif, 2020;Buckley, 2020;Corburn, 2020;Islam et al, 2021) and reservoirs for the spread of other viral respiratory infections (Adiga et al, 2018).…”

Section: Low-income People In Dhaka Citymentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling the Concealed Vulnerabilities to Covid-19 of Low-Income People in Dhaka City: Consequences and Adjustments

Sumiya

Kabir

Khatun

et al. 2022

Dhaka Univ J Earth Env Sci

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The present paper unveils vulnerabilities that remain among the low-income community in the megacity of Dhaka, while millions of people live in fragile housing conditions and depend on various informal economic activities. Based on extensive review of covid-19 related data collected from relevant institutions (e.g. IECDR), focus group discussions and case studies of the low income people living in three selected slums and some low income areas in Dhaka City, the present study explores that low income people have extremely been suffering from covid-19 pandemic induced lock-down. In addition to Covid-19 infections, the major concern of this group of people lies in the loss of income. As a result, most of them suffered tremendously from starvation and deprivation of some basic needs. Study findings also show that a significant part of this community left the capital city not being able to maintain them. In order to ensure the existence of this significant people with their support to the society, a special scheme of incentives should be provided while enhancing their resilience to the pandemic like covid-19. The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 10(2), 2021, P 9-20

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“…Farhana and Mannan (2020) found that, a significant proportion of doctors, medical students, public service officers, and people from other professions had deficit of knowledge about symptoms and spread of COVID-19 which is alarming. While urban slums have been recognized as potential risky hives for the spread of viral respiratory infections (Hasan et al 2021); majority of the slum residents in Bangladesh also have inadequate knowledge of COVID-19 (Bassi et al 2020; S. Islam et al 2021).…”

Section: 0mentioning

confidence: 99%

Slum Dwellers' perception about COVID-19: A Study in Dhaka Metropolis Slums

Mamun

Fatima

2021

TSSJ

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This research explored Dhaka slum dwellers’ (n=434 using convenience, quota, and judgmental sampling) view about COVID-19, its causes, preventive measures, potential high-risk groups, self-awareness, transmission prevention, orthodox beliefs, and vaccine effectiveness using 56 simple variables grouped in eight complex variables. The slum dwellers viewed COVID-19 as a fatal and chronic disease spread by Chinese. They perceive that direct contact with infected persons, cough and sneeze droplets, and physical proximity cause the disease. Regarding preventive measures, they think that they must wear masks, frequently wash hands, face, and feet, use soap or hand sanitizer to wash hands. They assume that hot water gargle, more lime/lemon intake, sunlight exposure, and physical activities can reduce the risk of infection. They also perceive that people of any age bear the risk of contagion; but asthmatic, heart and diabetic patients fall in the high-risk group. The slum people self-protect covering nose and mouth while sneeze and cough, take precaution if tested positive, and maintain social distance. They take this disease seriously, as such, they wear masks, avoid guests, friends, and mass transports. They subscribed that if affected they will be in self-quarantine and follow prescribed movement and lockdown decisions to prevent transmission. They believe that home quarantine is for the infected persons only. Slum residents are found to recognize preventive mechanism and self-awareness tactics; but they are carried away by some religious beliefs like the disease is Allah’s will, a curse from Allah, results of our misdeeds, and Allah will save COVID-affected people. Because of their doubt of vaccine effectiveness, they are not quite confident about taking vaccine. Overall, the respondents do not think that they are risk-free. It is found that some of their views are not factual, like COVID-19 is a chronic disease, spread by Chinese; sunrays, hot water gargle reduces risks; lime/lemon intake prevent the disease; or diabetic, asthmatic, and heart patients are at more risks. It is noted that most of the perceptional differences are observed with family types. Nuclear family respondents believe that cold weather causes it and perceive strongly that asthmatic patients are more susceptible to infection. They perceive similar risk of being affected if exposed to a diseased person; however, infected elderly people with comorbidities are more prone to serious illness. They blindly perceive that COVID-19 is all Allah’s will. Education wise, the participants differ in their opinion in almost all the variables. Female slum members firmly believe that Chinese has brought the disease; but males are noted to be more self-aware than females. Married slum residents strongly believe that sunlight exposure and physical activities can prevent the disease and hold the misconception that COVID-19 is a curse from Allah and results of all our misdeeds. Irrespective of their literacy level all respondents believe that Allah will save COVID-affected people. Further, occupation-wise slum dwellers have similar viewpoint about preventing the disease and curbing community transmission. Slum residents’ opinion related to causes of the disease and vaccination has no association with age and income. Older slum residents are found to be more self-aware and cautious in limiting disease transmission, although they possess stronger orthodox religious views and more dubious about vaccination. Slum dwellers’ perception to several aspects of COVID-19 are noticed to be weakly positively related with income, indicating that even when the relatively higher income groups retain views closer to reality, their tendency to be conscious and abide by protective mechanism to reduce risk and control spread of the disease is less as opposed to insolvent slum inhabitants. The factor analysis has found that the grouping variables and the factor variables are quite consistent. It is noted that “self-awareness” and “risk reduction” are the most important factors followed by perception regarding COVID-19 vaccine. In short, slum dwellers are not observed to have a very clear idea about COVID-19, its causes, prevention mechanism, etc. They are aware of some methods of self-protection and deterrence of transmission. However, it is to be ensured that they strictly follow the methods to protect themselves and avoid community spread of the disease.

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A place-based analysis of COVID-19 risk factors in Bangladesh urban slums: a secondary analysis of World Bank microdata

Cited by 22 publications

References 17 publications

Health-Related Quality of Life among Rural-Urban Migrants Living in Dhaka Slums: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Bangladesh

Health-Related Quality of Life among Rural-Urban Migrants Living in Dhaka Slums: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Bangladesh

Unveiling the Concealed Vulnerabilities to Covid-19 of Low-Income People in Dhaka City: Consequences and Adjustments

Slum Dwellers' perception about COVID-19: A Study in Dhaka Metropolis Slums

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