A polar bundle of flagella can drive bacterial swimming by pushing, pulling, or coiling around the cell body

Hintsche, Marius; Waljor, Veronika; Großmann, Robert; Kühn, Marco; Thormann, Kai M.; Peruani, Fernando; Beta, Carsten

doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16428-9

Cited by 74 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Moreover, equipping the microscope with a fluorescence filter set enabled the use of total internal reflectance fluorescence (TIRF) imaging in order to visualise flagella through the use of fluorescent staining. Using this approach, flagella were readily observed at both the leading and trailing end of bacteria before and after surface reversal events ( Figure SI10), showing that P. aeruginosa cells are able to use their flagella to both push and pull, consistent with previous observations for monotrichous bacteria (23)(24)(25). We observed no statistical differences in the speed of bacterial trajectories before or after a reversal event ( Figure SI11).…”

Section: Characterisation Of Bacterial Trajectoriessupporting

confidence: 87%

‘Simultaneous tracking of cell motility in liquid and at the solid-liquid interface’

Hook

Flewellen

Zaid

et al. 2019

Preprint

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25Bacteria sense chemicals, surfaces and other cells and move toward some and away from others. Studying 26 how single bacterial cells in a population move requires sophisticated tracking and imaging techniques. We 27 have established quantitative methodology for label-free imaging and tracking of individual bacterial cells 28 simultaneously within the bulk liquid and at solid-liquid interfaces by utilizing the imaging modes of digital 29 holographic microscopy (DHM) in 3D, differential interference contrast (DIC) and total internal reflectance 30 microscopy (TIRM) in 2D combined with analysis protocols employing bespoke software. To exemplify 31 and validate this methodology, we investigated the swimming behavior of Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild 32 type and isogenic flagellar stator mutants (motAB and motCD) respectively within the bulk liquid and at the 33 surface at the single cell and population levels. Multiple motile behaviours were observed that could be 34Page 2 of 39 differentiated by speed and directionality. Both stator mutants swam slower and were unable to adjust to the 35 near surface environment as effectively as the wildtype highlighting differential roles for the stators in 36 adapting to near surface environments. A significant reduction in run speed was observed for the P. 37 aeruginosa mot mutants, which decreased further on entering the near-surface environment. These results 38 are consistent with the mot stators playing key roles in responding to the near-surface environment. 39 40 Importance 41We have established a methodology to enable the movement of individual bacterial cells to be followed 42 within a 3D space without requiring any labelling. Such an approach is important to observe and understand 43 how bacteria interact with surfaces and form biofilm. We investigated the swimming behavior of 44Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has two flagellar stators that drive its swimming motion. Mutants that 45 only had either one of the two stators swam slower and were unable to adjust to the near surface 46 environment as effectively as the wildtype. These results are consistent with the mot stators playing key 47 roles in responding to the near-surface environment, and could be used by bacteria to sense when it is near a 48 surface. 49 50 planktonic and surface attached cells will facilitate the acquisition of spatio-temporal dynamics that will aid 59 our understanding of the signal transduction mechanisms that drive bacterial social behaviors. 60 61Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative rod-shaped cell with a single polar flagellum that employs a 62 number of different mechanisms for moving through liquids and across surfaces. These include flagella-63 mediated swimming, spinning, near-surface swimming and swarming, type IV pili-mediated twitching 64 (crawling and walking), gliding (active movement without the use of flagella or pili), and sliding i.e. 65 passive movements over surfaces through the use of surfactants (14, 22). Flagella are also associated with 66 bacterial surface mechanosensin...

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Section: Characterisation Of Bacterial Trajectoriessupporting

confidence: 87%

‘Simultaneous tracking of cell motility in liquid and at the solid-liquid interface’

Hook

Flewellen

Zaid

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Broadening the delta function to a Gaussian function with the tumble time τ t as standard deviation, one can again resolve the tumble event in time. Furthermore, an elaborate model of the speed dynamics for Pseudomonas putida should include the alternating swimming speeds reported in [37], which belong to different swimming modes [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical parameter inference of bacterial swimming strategies

et al. 2018

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We provide a detailed stochastic description of the swimming motion of an E.coli bacterium in two dimension, where we resolve tumble events in time. For this purpose, we set up two Langevin equations for the orientation angle and speed dynamics. Calculating moments, distribution and autocorrelation functions from both Langevin equations and matching them to the same quantities determined from data recorded in experiments, we infer the swimming parameters of E.coli. They are the tumble rate λ, the tumble time r −1 , the swimming speed v 0 , the strength of speed fluctuations σ, the relative height of speed jumps η, the thermal value for the rotational diffusion coefficient D 0 , and the enhanced rotational diffusivity during tumbling D T . Conditioning the observables on the swimming direction relative to the gradient of a chemoattractant, we infer the chemotaxis strategies of E.coli. We confirm the classical strategy of a lower tumble rate for swimming up the gradient but also a smaller mean tumble angle (angle bias). The latter is realized by shorter tumbles as well as a slower diffusive reorientation. We also find that speed fluctuations are increased by about 30% when swimming up the gradient compared to the reversed direction.

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“…Polar flagellated bacteria show flagellar polymorphic change from a normal to curly state in the single polar, flagellated species Pseudomonas spp, [47, 48] and from normal to coiled state for Rhodobacter sphaeroides [49]. A novel type of flagellar wrapping motion has recently been observed in the single polar, flagellated species Shewanella putrefaciens [11], multiple polar flagellated bacteria such as Allivibrio fischeri, Burkholderia insecticola, and P. putida [10, 50], and bipolar flagellated bacteria such as Helicobacter suis [51] and Magnetospirillum magneticus AMB-1 [52]. These bacteria reverse their direction of motion by the transition from CCW rotation of left-handed normal filaments into CW rotation of right-handed coiled filaments to escape from being trapped in structured environments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct chemotactic behavior in the originalEscherichia coliK-12 depending on forward-and-backward swimming, not on run-tumble movements

Kinosita

Ishida

Yoshida

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Most motile bacteria are propelled by rigid, helical, flagellar filaments and display distinct swimming patterns to explore their favorable environments. Escherichia coli cells have a reversible rotary motor at the base of each filament. They exhibit a run-tumble swimming pattern, driven by switching of rotatory direction which causes polymorphic flagellar transformation. Here we report a novel swimming mode in E. coli ATCC10798, which is one of the original K-12 clones. High-speed tracking of single ATCC10798 cells showed forward and backward swimming with an average turning angle of 150°. The flagellar helicity remained right-handed with a 1.3 μm pitch and 0.14 μm helix radius, which is assumed to be a curly type, regardless of motor switching; the flagella of ATCC10798 did not show polymorphic transformation. The torque and rotational switching of the motor was almost identical to the E. coli W3110 strain, which is a derivative of K-12 and a wild-type for chemotaxis. The single point mutation of N87K in FliC, one of the filament subunits, is critical to the change in flagellar morphology and swimming pattern, and lack of flagellar polymorphism. E. coli cells expressing FliC(N87K) sensed ascending a chemotactic gradient in liquid but did not form rings on a semi-solid surface. Based on these findings, we propose a flagellar polymorphism-dependent migration mechanism in structured environments.

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A polar bundle of flagella can drive bacterial swimming by pushing, pulling, or coiling around the cell body

Cited by 74 publications

References 40 publications

‘Simultaneous tracking of cell motility in liquid and at the solid-liquid interface’

‘Simultaneous tracking of cell motility in liquid and at the solid-liquid interface’

Statistical parameter inference of bacterial swimming strategies

Distinct chemotactic behavior in the originalEscherichia coliK-12 depending on forward-and-backward swimming, not on run-tumble movements

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