A Polar Cannabinoid from <i>Cannabis Sativa</i> Var. <i>Carma</i>

Appendino, Giovanni; Giana, Anna; Gibbons, Simon; Maffei, Massimo E.; Gnavi, Giorgio; Grassi, Gianpaolo; Sterner, Olov

doi:10.1177/1934578x0800301207

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Inflorescences were obtained at the plant maturity stage, dried in an oven at 40 °C for 48 h, and then prepared for chemical analysis, performed according to Appendino and collaborators. [20] The samples were crushed, cleaned of seeds and secondary stems, and finely milled with a spice grinder. Next, a sub-sample (75 mg) was extracted in 15 mL methanol (reagent grade, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 1 h at 50 °C in an ultrasonic bath and centrifuged at 6000× g for 5 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Predictive Genetic Markers Distinguish Drug-Type from Fiber-Type Cannabis sativa L

Cascini

Farcomeni

Migliorini

et al. 2019

Plants

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Genetic markers can be used in seeds and in plants to distinguish drug-type from fiber-type Cannabis Sativa L. varieties even at early stages, including pre-germination when cannabinoids are not accumulated yet. With this aim, this paper reports sequencing results for tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase (THCAS) and cannabidiolic acid synthase (CBDAS) genes from 21 C. sativa L. varieties. Taking into account that THCAS- and CBDAS-derived enzymes compete for the same substrate, the novelty of this work relies in the identification of markers based on both THCAS and CBDAS rather than THCAS alone. Notably, in our panel, we achieved an adequate degree of discrimination (AUC 100%) between drug-type and fiber-type cannabis samples. Our sequencing approach allowed identifying multiple genetic markers (single-nucleotide polymorphisms—SNPs—and a deletion/insertion) that effectively discriminate between the two subgroups of cannabis, namely fiber type vs. drug type. We identified four functional SNPs that are likely to induce decreased THCAS activity in the fiber-type cannabis plants. We also report the finding on a deletion in the CBDAS gene sequence that produces a truncated protein, possibly resulting in loss of function of the enzyme in the drug-type varieties. Chemical analyses for the actual concentration of cannabinoids confirmed the identification of drug-type rather than fiber-type genotypes. Genetic markers permit an early identification process for forensic applications while simplifying the procedures related to detection of therapeutic or industrial hemp.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Predictive Genetic Markers Distinguish Drug-Type from Fiber-Type Cannabis sativa L

Cascini

Farcomeni

Migliorini

et al. 2019

Plants

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“…Sixteen cannabinoids (31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46) were classified as CBG-type cannabinoids (Figure 3). In 1964, cannabigerol ((E)-CBG, 31) was isolated from cannabis resin, using florisil chromatography; the chemical structure of (E)-CBG (31) was confirmed through synthesis [7].…”

Section: Cannabigerol (Cbg) Type (16 Cannabinoids)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabinoids, Phenolics, Terpenes and Alkaloids of Cannabis

et al. 2021

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Cannabis sativa is one of the oldest medicinal plants in the world. It was introduced into western medicine during the early 19th century. It contains a complex mixture of secondary metabolites, including cannabinoids and non-cannabinoid-type constituents. More than 500 compounds have been reported from C. sativa, of which 125 cannabinoids have been isolated and/or identified as cannabinoids. Cannabinoids are C21 terpeno-phenolic compounds specific to Cannabis. The non-cannabinoid constituents include: non-cannabinoid phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids and others. This review discusses the chemistry of the cannabinoids and major non-cannabinoid constituents (terpenes, non-cannabinoid phenolics, and alkaloids) with special emphasis on their chemical structures, methods of isolation, and identification.

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“…The D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (D 9 -THC) potency (concentration or content) of cannabis depends on soil and climate conditions, variety (phenotype), and cultivation techniques, with different parts of the plant having varying concentrations of the drug (3)(4)(5)(6). The total number of identified cannabis constituents has increased from 489 in 2005 (7) to 537 in 2009, while the number of cannabinoids has increased from 70 to 109 (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). The main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis is D 9 -THC (14,15); however, other cannabinoids have also demonstrated pharmacological activities, e.g., the nonpsychotropic cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) displays antipsychotic, antihyperalgesic, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective, and antiemetic properties (16)(17)(18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potency Trends of Δ⁹‐THC and Other Cannabinoids in Confiscated Cannabis Preparations from 1993 to 2008*

Mehmedic

Chandra

Slade

et al. 2010

Journal of Forensic Sciences

457

294

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The University of Mississippi has a contract with the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) to carry out a variety of research activities dealing with cannabis, including the Potency Monitoring (PM) program, which provides analytical potency data on cannabis preparations confiscated in the United States. This report provides data on 46,211 samples seized and analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) during 1993-2008. The data showed an upward trend in the mean Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC) content of all confiscated cannabis preparations, which increased from 3.4% in 1993 to 8.8% in 2008. Hashish potencies did not increase consistently during this period; however, the mean yearly potency varied from 2.5-9.2% (1993-2003) to 12.0-29.3% (2004-2008). Hash oil potencies also varied considerably during this period (16.8 ± 16.3%). The increase in cannabis preparation potency is mainly due to the increase in the potency of nondomestic versus domestic samples.

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A Polar Cannabinoid from Cannabis Sativa Var. Carma

Cited by 16 publications

References 11 publications

Highly Predictive Genetic Markers Distinguish Drug-Type from Fiber-Type Cannabis sativa L

Highly Predictive Genetic Markers Distinguish Drug-Type from Fiber-Type Cannabis sativa L

Cannabinoids, Phenolics, Terpenes and Alkaloids of Cannabis

Potency Trends of Δ⁹‐THC and Other Cannabinoids in Confiscated Cannabis Preparations from 1993 to 2008*

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A Polar Cannabinoid from Cannabis Sativa Var. Carma

Cited by 16 publications

References 11 publications

Highly Predictive Genetic Markers Distinguish Drug-Type from Fiber-Type Cannabis sativa L

Highly Predictive Genetic Markers Distinguish Drug-Type from Fiber-Type Cannabis sativa L

Cannabinoids, Phenolics, Terpenes and Alkaloids of Cannabis

Potency Trends of Δ9‐THC and Other Cannabinoids in Confiscated Cannabis Preparations from 1993 to 2008*

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Potency Trends of Δ⁹‐THC and Other Cannabinoids in Confiscated Cannabis Preparations from 1993 to 2008*