A policy portfolio approach to plastics throughout their life cycle: Supranational and national regulation in the European Union

Abstract

The environmental and health problems caused by plastics throughout their life cycle have attracted considerable public attention over the past decade, triggering policy responses in many constituencies. Similarly, interdisciplinary research on plastics has been burgeoning in the past few years, and political science contributions have covered the manifold root causes and consequences of this shift in public policy including media coverage, evolving discourses and policy agendas. In view of this policy relevance that drives scholarly inquiry, it is surprising that we lack a systematic assessment of the actual policy outputs. This article fills this lacuna by developing a policy portfolio approach to plastic regulation. To illustrate and substantiate our approach, we provide an exploratory analysis of EU plastics regulation over the last twenty years, complementing this with Denmark, Germany, and Poland as diverse cases of member state regulation. Overall, our research shows that the number of policy measures targeting plastics has massively increased both at the supranational and national level. This policy growth, however, varies across policy targets and instruments. Our findings highlight first, that the policy targets addressed are mainly located at the end of the plastics life cycle; and second, that the instrument choice is privileging the use of hierarchical forms of intervention over the use of market‐ or information‐based instruments. We discuss these features of the policy portfolio approach in light of existing research on plastics and life‐cycle‐oriented policy approaches such as the Circular Economy.

Reflections on the European Union’s participation in negotiations of the global plastic pollution instrument under international environmental law

“…Additionally, almost 26 million tons of plastic waste are generated annually in Europe, and landbased sources represent nearly 80% of plastic inputs to the ocean (Lavers and Bond, 2017;European Commission, 2023b). Therefore, its policies on significant plastic consumption and production can substantially impact the worldwide plastic lifecycle (Eckert et al, 2024). As a framework policy to address the challenges, the European Commission officially launched the European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy (2018) to ensure that plastic materials last longer, can be collected more easily after use, and can be reused or recycled more easily (European Commission, 2018) The Marine Strategy Framework Directive ( 2008) is a critical horizontal legislative pillar, providing a cross-sector framework covering all the primary pollution sources.…”

“…Many measures focus on downstream activities (Milios, 2018), while only a non-legally binding framework is effective at the upstream stage to reduce the overall consumption of primary fossil-based materials. Policy action mostly leaves the upstream material input stage unaddressed (Eckert et al, 2024). The downstream limiting the number of plastics currently disposed of in landfills, which could further optimize resource efficiency, still needs to be regulated in the EU (Steensgaard et al, 2017).…”