A Poly-γ-glutamate Synthetic System of Bacillus subtilis IFO 3336: Gene Cloning and Biochemical Analysis of Poly-γ-glutamate Produced by Escherichia coli Clone Cells

Disruption of the cell wall lytic enzyme CwlO affects the amount and molecular size of poly-γ-glutamic acid produced by Bacillus subtilis (natto)

“…1). PgsB is the γPGA synthase dependent on ATP (Ashiuchi et al, 1999(Ashiuchi et al, , 2001Urushibata et al, 2002) and the pgsB gene is expressed in the early stationary phase (Kimura et al, 2009). These results suggested that the accumulation of ATP and/or an intermediate of γPGA are required for γPGA synthesis.…”

“…In B. subtilis (natto), the enzymes required for γPGA synthesis are encoded by the pgsBCA operon, which contains the γPGA synthetase gene pgsB (Ashiuchi et al, 1999(Ashiuchi et al, , 2001Urushibata et al, 2002). γPGA production is under the control of the ComQXPA quorumsensing system Tran et al, 2000) and the DegS DegU two-component system, and DegQ in particular plays an important role in γPGA production (Kimura et al, 2009;Ohsawa et al, 2009;Osera et al, 2009;Stanley and Lazazzera, 2005).…”

Poly-γ-glutamic acid: production, properties and applications

“…c-PGA has also been found in neurons of mice where it was covalently linked to tubulin (Eddé et al, 1990). Efforts have been made to insert the genes responsible for c-PGA production into Escherichia coli and plants such as tobacco to gain more knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism of c-PGA production (Ashiuchi et al, 1999a;Tarui et al, 2005), and pgsB, pgsC and pgsA genes were identified as essential for its production. Recently, Cao et al (2013) also cloned and coexpressed the pgsBCA genes and glutamate racemase gene (racE/glr) into E. coli, and reported that the engineered E. coli strains had the ability to synthesize c-PGA with excellent D-glutamate content due to racE integration.…”

Using bacteria to make improved, nacre-inspired materials

“…Cationic polymeric substances such as polyaspartate have been demonstrated to promote the formation of calcium carbonate thin films on a chitosan substrate, where their negatively charged carboxyl groups serve as binding sites for calcium ions [15]. In this study, we employ γ-PGA as a mimic for the organic matrix of nacre, expecting that γ-PGA might show a calcium carbonate templating function similar to polyaspartate, while being easy to produce from natural producers or transgenic organisms [16,17].…”