A POPULATION STUDY OF<i>CULICOIDES OBSOLETUS</i>MEIGEN (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE), AND OTHER<i>CULICOIDES</i>SPECIES IN THE FRASER VALLEY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

Anderson, Gail S.; Belton, Peter; Belton, Edmundo

doi:10.4039/ent125439-3

Cited by 20 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The low total catch at property B4 is likely explained by the indoor location of the trap, if we assume that the majority of the Culicoides species caught are exophilic, although there are limited data describing the behaviour of Palaeartic Culicoides species. A study from Canada suggests that C obsoletus are exophilic (Anderson and others 1993); however, more recently, C obsoletus have been shown to enter stables to feed (Viennet and others 2013). Local-scale modelling of Culicoides on non-equine properties has demonstrated significant variation in the abundance and species counts between neighbouring farms, and this also appeared to be the case in Newmarket (Kluiters and others 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The threat of midge‐borne equine disease: investigation of Culicoides species on UK equine premises

et al. 2014

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There are concerns that outbreaks of exotic or novel vector-borne viral diseases will increasingly occur within northern Europe and the UK in the future. African horse sickness (AHS) is a viral disease of equids that is transmitted by Culicoides and is associated with up to 95 per cent mortality. AHS has never occurred in the UK; however, it has been suggested that appropriate Culicoides species and climatic conditions are present in northern Europe to support an outbreak. No data are currently available regarding the Culicoides species present on UK equine properties. This study demonstrates the presence of potential AHS virus vector Culicoides species on both urban and rural equine properties within the south-east UK. PCR analysis revealed that engorged members of these species contained equine DNA, proving a direct vector-host interaction. It is therefore possible that an AHS outbreak could occur in the UK if the virus were to be imported and, given the severe welfare and economic consequences of AHS, this would have devastating consequences to the naïve UK equine population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The threat of midge‐borne equine disease: investigation of Culicoides species on UK equine premises

et al. 2014

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“…Until recently, the only published study dealing with the effect of housing on attack rates of NW Palaearctic species of Culicoides on horses concluded that C. obsoletus was highly exophilic (Anderson, 1993). The results of this study are, however, equivocal as they are based on a comparison of catches from within just two stables, one with a horse and the second without (Meiswinkel et al , 2000).…”

Section: Protective Stabling Of Livestockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control techniques for Culicoides biting midges and their application in the U.K. and northwestern Palaearctic

Carpenter

Mellor

Torr

2008

Medical Vet Entomology

143

120

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The recent emergence of bluetongue virus (Reoviridae: Orbivirus) (BTV) in northern Europe, for the first time in recorded history, has led to an urgent need for methods to control the disease caused by this virus and the midges that spread it. This paper reviews various methods of vector control that have been employed elsewhere and assesses their likely efficacy for controlling vectors of BTV in northern Europe. Methods of controlling Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) have included: (a) application of insecticides and pathogens to habitats where larvae develop; (b) environmental interventions to remove larval breeding sites; (c) controlling adult midges by treating either resting sites, such as animal housing, or host animals with insecticides; (d) housing livestock in screened buildings, and (e) using repellents or host kairomones to lure and kill adult midges. The major vectors of BTV in northern Europe are species from the Culicoides obsoletus (Meigen) and Culicoides pulicaris (L.) groups, for which there are scant data on breeding habits, resting behaviour and host‐oriented responses. Consequently, there is little information on which to base a rational strategy for controlling midges or for predicting the likely impact of interventions. However, data extrapolated from the results of vector control operations conducted elsewhere, combined with some assessment of how acceptable or not different methods may be within northern Europe, indicate that the treatment of livestock and animal housing with pyrethroids, the use of midge‐proofed stabling for viraemic or high‐value animals and the promotion of good farm practice to at least partially eliminate local breeding sites are the best options currently available. Research to assess and improve the efficacy of these methods is required and, in the longer term, efforts should be made to develop better bait systems for monitoring and, possibly, controlling midges. All these studies will need better methods of analysing the ecology and behaviour of midges in the field than are currently in use. The paucity of control options and basic knowledge serve to warn us that we must be better prepared for the possible emergence of other midge‐borne diseases, particularly African horse sickness.

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“…As in the GR housing system no significant difference between the efficacy of the fan and the net could be established for any of the three Culicoides categories, the fan can specifically be recommended with regard to practicality, because installation of a net tent in GR hous-ing systems is time and labour intensive. Furthermore, C. obsoletus was reported to be highly exophilic (Anderson, 1993) and in rural areas with group housing systems, where stabling at night may not be an option, easily applicable and effective protection methods such as fans are advantageous, although horses may need some time to acclimatize to their use. Culicoides are relative poor flyers, therefore directed air movement from fans may make it difficult for them to enter stables, to land on the animal and/or to stay immobile long enough to feed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection of horses against Culicoides biting midges in different housing systems in Switzerland

Lincoln

Page

Kopp

et al. 2015

Veterinary Parasitology

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A b s t r a c tSpecies belonging to the Culicoides complexes (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae), obsoletus and pulicaris, in Switzerland, are potential vectors of both bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV). The epidemic of BTV in 2006 and 2007 in Europe has highlighted the risk of introduction and spread of vector-borne diseases in previously non-endemic areas. As a measure of prevention, as part of an integrated control programme in the event of an outbreak of African horse sickness (AHS), it is of utmost importance to prevent, or substantially reduce, contact between horses and Culicoides. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of three protection systems, net, fan, repellent, or combinations thereof, with regard to their potential to reduce contact between horses and Culicoides. Three different equine housing systems, including individual boxes (BX), group housing systems (GR), and individual boxes with permanently accessible paddock (BP) were used. The efficacy of the protection systems were evaluated by comparing the total number counts of collected female Culicoides, of non-blood-fed and blood-fed Culicoides, respectively, with UV black light traps. The study was conducted over 3 summer months during 2012 and 2013 each and focused on the efficacy and practicality of the protection systems. The repellent was tested in 2012 only and not further investigated in 2013, as it showed no significant effect in reducing Culicoides collected in the light traps. Net protection system provided the best overall protection for the total number of female Culicoides, non-blood-fed and blood-fed Culicoides in all tested housing systems. The net, with a pore size of 0.1825 mm2, reduced the total number of Culicoides collected in the housing systems BP, GR and BX by 98%, 85% and 67%, respectively. However, in the GR housing system, no significant difference between the effectiveness of the fan and the net were determined for any of the three Culicoides categories. The results of the present study demonstrated that horse owners can substantially reduce their horses' exposure to Culicoides, by using net protection in the housing systems BX, BP and GR. In GR housing systems, protection against Culicoides using a fan is also recommended.

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A POPULATION STUDY OFCULICOIDES OBSOLETUSMEIGEN (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE), AND OTHERCULICOIDESSPECIES IN THE FRASER VALLEY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

Cited by 20 publications

References 15 publications

The threat of midge‐borne equine disease: investigation of Culicoides species on UK equine premises

The threat of midge‐borne equine disease: investigation of Culicoides species on UK equine premises

Control techniques for Culicoides biting midges and their application in the U.K. and northwestern Palaearctic

Protection of horses against Culicoides biting midges in different housing systems in Switzerland

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