Sand deposits on the southern shelf of the U.S. Virgin Islands were investigated to determine their origin and to relate origin to environmental processes and production rates. Analysis of sea-floor samples for composition shows that the sand has been derived mainly from calcareous algae and molluscs in situ. Zonation of the dominant sand producers is related to the present environmental setting; water depth has the greatest influence.Carbon-14 dating of cores as long as 5 m indicates accumulation rates of slightly less than 1 mm/year for the last 5,000 years in areas of thickest sand. Faunal studies show that the climate during the last 5,000 years was similar to that of today. The only changes in environmental conditions appear to have been an increase in water depth and a concurrent change in the patterns of water movement. In areas protected during lower sea level, the subtidal barnacle, ~alanus venustus, disappeared and the amount of coralline algae in the sediment gradually increased beginning approximately 1,500 years ago. The disappearance of the barnacles probably was caused by the introduction of open-marine conditions into a previously protected lagoonal area. On the other hand, the articulate coralline algae increased in the quiet waters on the lee side of the offshore islands because of the change in habitat created by deepening waters.