A possible mechanism for the formation of annual growth lines in bivalve shells

Liu, Xiao Jun; Yan, Zhenguang; Zheng, Guilan; Zhang, Guiyou; Wang, Hongzhong; Xie, Liping; Zhang, Rongqing

doi:10.1007/s11427-010-4132-z

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Figure I depicts the nacreous layer of B. costula where crystal fibers are piled up to follow a typical brick-and-mortar wall model . In addition to the above-mentioned conventional morphological structures of snail shells, a variety of exclusive crystalline arrangements of indecisive mineralogical assembly-created homogeneous structures are spread throughout the different shell layers in a diverse manner.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure Analysis and Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of the Shells of Three Freshwater Snails

et al. 2020

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The shells of freshwater snails are discarded as waste, which qualify as biological materials with prospective multiple uses. To substantiate this proposition, an attempt was made to elucidate the physical and chemical properties of the shells of three freshwater snails, namely, Bellamya bengalensis , Pila globosa , and Brotia costula . The shells were prepared for electron microscopy and assessment of the calcium carbonate content, apart from the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and nanoindentation studies. The results indicated that the calcium carbonate content ( y ) of the shells ranged between 87 and 96% of the total weight ( x ) and complied with a power regression equation: y = 0.801 x 1.016 ; R 2 = 0.994; r = +0.998; P < 0.001. Observations through SEM depicted different snail species-specific arrangement patterns of calcium carbonate crystals in the diverse layers of shells. The XRD, FTIR, and EDS observations revealed the dominance of the aragonite form of the calcium carbonate crystal in the microstructures of each snail shell with the occurrence of different shell surface functional groups. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis elucidated the surface textures of shell dust taken from each snail species; in addition, the nanohardness properties indicate the shells as a tough biocomposite exoskeleton. Species-specific variations in the shell morphology, microstructure, and calcium carbonate content were prominent for the three freshwater snails considered for the study. Nonetheless, the physical and chemical properties substantiate that the shells of B. bengalensis , P. globosa , and B. costula qualify as biological materials for sustainable use in various fields including bioremediation, biocatalyst, biomedical applications, and a source of lime. Since the shells of the freshwater snails are discarded as aquaculture waste, subsequent use as a biological material will support the “waste made useful” paradigm in sustainability, both from ecological and economic perspectives.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure Analysis and Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of the Shells of Three Freshwater Snails

et al. 2020

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“…; Liu et al . ,b;) were not found in H. cumingii (Figs and A). Growth of crystals without the presence of mature interprismatic organic membranes was observed on the organic layer in the shell margin (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Checa et al (2005), however, hypothesized that the organic frameworks of the prismatic layer may form in the absence of mineral infilling. Liu et al (2011b) recently observed empty organic frameworks in the prismatic layer in the shell margin of the bivalve Pinctada fucata. In another study, phosphate buffer-soluble proteins secreted by the margin of the mantles (MSPs) were observed to reconstruct the stages in the growth of the prismatic layer of the decalcified organic frameworks, and a model of the prismatic layer formation in this specimens was shown (Liu et al 2011a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Formation of the prismatic layer in the freshwater bivalveHyriopsis cumingii: the feedback of crystal growth on organic matrix

Liu

2013

Acta Zoologica

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The squeezing hypothesis and the organic frameworks preformation hypothesis propose two different mechanisms to explain the interaction between organic frameworks and crystals during biomineralization of the prismatic layer of the mollusk shell. In this study, we began to study Hyriopsis cumingii shell formation and discover that this species seemed to follow the squeezing hypothesis. During the formation of the aragonite prismatic layer in the freshwater bivalve H. cumingii, we found that crystal growth was involved in controlling initiation of formation of the interprismatic organic membranes. First, newly formed crystals were embedded in the periostracum. Next, the interprismatic organic membranes of the prismatic layer were produced via squeezing between neighboring crystals. The organic matrix secreted by the mantle continuously self‐assembled into the interprismatic organic membranes as the crystals grew. In the mature stage, the interprismatic organic membranes were shaped by crystal growth. These findings provide evidence to support the squeezing hypothesis and add to the existing knowledge about interactions that occur at the organic–inorganic interfaces during mollusk shell biomineralization.

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