A Post-Occupancy Evaluation of a Low Energy School (City Academy) in the UK

Pegg, Ian; Cripps, Andrew; Kolokotroni, Maria

doi:10.1080/14733315.2005.12021992

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This percentage is, however, not supported by Knight et al (2008) and Diamond et al (2006) who report a difference of only 8 and 22% for university buildings, respectively. Similarly, Ruyssevelt (2014) reported schools to use 37% more energy than initially predicted, based on an average of 58 individual studies, whereas Pegg et al (2007) and Kimpian et al (2014) report much higher average percentages of 117% (3 schools) and 71% (5 schools), respectively. Figure 3 shows that the number of case studies for the different building functions is not well distributed, the dataset consists mainly of offices, schools, and multipurpose buildings.…”

Section: Magnitudementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Building energy modeling is an integral part of today's design process; however, research has shown that buildings can use twice the amount of their theoretical energy performance (Norford et al, 1994;Pegg et al, 2007). One of the first major post-occupancy evaluation studies was the PROBE studies, which found little connection between values assumed in design estimations and actual values found in existing buildings (Bordass et al, 2001).…”

Section: Classification Of the Gapmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, during the early design stage, these values have a major influence on the design and its final performance. Pegg et al (2007) argue for the use of feedback to inform design and need for realistic and relevant benchmarks. Mahdavi and Pröglhöf (2009) suggest the collection of occupancy behavior information to derive generalized models and utilize such models in building energy simulation.…”

Section: Design Improvementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of the Regulatory Energy Performance Gap and Its Underlying Causes in Non-domestic Buildings

et al. 2016

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This paper reviews the discrepancy between predicted and measured energy use in non-domestic buildings in a UK context with outlook to global studies. It explains differences between energy performance quantification and classifies this energy performance gap as a difference between compliance and performance modeling with measured energy use. Literary sources are reviewed in order to signify the magnitude between predicted and measured energy use, which is found to deviate by +34% with a SD of 55% based on 62 buildings. It proceeds in describing the underlying causes for the performance gap, existent in all stages of the building life cycle, and identifies the dominant factors to be related to specification uncertainty in modeling, occupant behavior, and poor operational practices having an estimated effect of 20-60, 10-80, and 15-80% on energy use, respectively. Other factors that have a high impact are related to establishing the energy performance target, such as early design decisions, heuristic uncertainty in modeling, and occupant behavior. Finally, action measures and feedback processes in order to reduce the performance gap are discussed, indicating the need for energy in-use legislation, insight into design stage models, accessible energy data, and expansion of research efforts toward building performance in-use in relation to predicted performance. Keywords: energy performance gap, energy use in buildings, predictions, measurements, feedback, postoccupancy evaluation HiGHLiGHTS 1. Classifies the performance gap and analyses its magnitude and underlying causes. 2. The regulatory energy gap is found to deviate by +34% with a SD of 55% based on 62 case study buildings. 3. Specification uncertainty, occupant behavior, and poor practice are dominant underlying causes with an estimated effect of 20-60, 10-80, and 15-80% on energy use, respectively. 4. Action measures to reduce the energy performance gap in contrast to the building life cycle are discussed. 5. There is a need to develop techniques to mitigate the magnitude and underlying causes of the performance gap.

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Section: Magnitudementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Classification Of the Gapmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Design Improvementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of the Regulatory Energy Performance Gap and Its Underlying Causes in Non-domestic Buildings

et al. 2016

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“…(a) via direct inference 5 (b) using the 'continuity equation' 6,7 The estimation of ventilation rates via direct inference was carried out in a manner suggested by a previous study. 5 That study suggested that a ventilation rate of 8 L/s per person relates to a steady state CO 2 level within a room of up to 1000 ppm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A methodology for post-occupancy evaluation of ventilation rates in schools

Mumovic

Davies

Ridley

et al. 2009

Building Services Engineering Research and Technology

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The importance of maintaining adequate indoor air quality in schools is recognised as a contributing factor to pupils' learning performance. This paper describes a series of field measurements that investigating the ventilation rates in four recently built secondary schools in England. All schools were assessed for compliance with the recently adopted Building Bulletin 101, which defines the set of criteria in relation to the ventilation rates and indoor air quality in new school buildings. Using the obtained results a methodology has been suggested for post-occupancy evaluation of ventilation rates in schools. The suggested methodology draws particular attention to the dynamic nature of the interaction between the building and their occupants. Practical application: The new Building Bulletin 101 is quoted in Approved Document F as a means of compliance with Building Regulations for school buildings in the UK. This paper, based on four case studies, highlights some of the problems facing architects, mechanical engineers and building control officers associated with post-occupancy evaluation of ventilation rates in new school buildings. The methodology suggested in this paper, which differs radically from the current practice, takes into account the changing nature of the indoor environment in schools including occupancy level and occupant behaviour.

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“…In the UK, POE has been referenced in recent initiatives to improve in-use operational efficiency as part of a Soft Landings policy (Way et al, 2009), but while the handover of a building and proper operation of its systems contribute to the overall performance of the building, the buildings fabric plays a large part in this performance. Most POE studies identify the factors contributing towards poor building energy performance (Bordass et al, 2001), demonstrating the main reason in most cases to be improper use of the building systems and spaces (Pegg et al, 2007). Further schemes to use for the evaluation of buildings in a larger context to identify trends are also implemented (DOE et al, 2016;The AECB, 2013;The Digital Catapult and Innovate UK, 2016), but again focus on holistic performance without aggregation of data sets in which these performances could be contextually analysed.…”

Section: Post Occupancy Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of basic building performance data for identification of performance issues

Gerrish

Ruikar

Cook

et al. 2017

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Purpose The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the use of historical building performance data to identify potential issues with the build quality and operation of a building, as a means of narrowing the scope of in-depth further review. Design/methodology/approach The response of a room to the difference between internal and external temperatures is used to demonstrate patterns in thermal response across monitored rooms in a single building, to clearly show where rooms are under-performing in terms of their ability to retain heat during unconditioned hours. This procedure is applied to three buildings of different types, identifying the scope and limitation of this method and indicating areas of building performance deficiency. Findings The response of a single space to changing internal and external temperatures can be used to determine whether it responds differently to other monitored buildings. Spaces where thermal bridging and changes in use from design were encountered exhibit noticeably different responses. Research limitations/implications Application of this methodology is limited to buildings where temperature monitoring is undertaken both internally for a variety of spaces, and externally, and where knowledge of the uses of monitored spaces is available. Naturally ventilated buildings would be more suitable for analysis using this method. Originality/value This paper contributes to the understanding of building energy performance from a data-driven perspective, to the knowledge on the disparity between building design intent and reality, and to the use of basic commonly recorded performance metrics for analysis of potentially detrimental building performance issues.

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A Post-Occupancy Evaluation of a Low Energy School (City Academy) in the UK

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

A Review of the Regulatory Energy Performance Gap and Its Underlying Causes in Non-domestic Buildings

A Review of the Regulatory Energy Performance Gap and Its Underlying Causes in Non-domestic Buildings

A methodology for post-occupancy evaluation of ventilation rates in schools

Analysis of basic building performance data for identification of performance issues

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