A posthatching developmental staging table for the long-toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei

Russell, Anthony P.; Watson, Sheri

doi:10.1163/156853800507336

Cited by 31 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…We quantified activity of freeswimming larvae as soon as larval yolk sacs were depleted (12.0-17.5 mm total length; post-hatching stages 4-8 ( Watson & Russell 2000)). Test chambers were modified 12 ml test tubes that were oriented horizontally with the open end blocked and lines marked every 12 mm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning by embryos and the ghost of predation future

et al. 2008

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Most research on the effects of exposure to stressful stimuli during embryonic development has focused on post-embryonic behaviour that appears to be abnormal or maladaptive. Here, we tested whether exposure to some stressful stimuli (predatory cues) can lead to post-embryonic behaviour that is adaptive. When eggs of ringed salamanders (Ambystoma annulatum) were exposed to chemical cues from predators, posthatching larvae showed reduced activity and greater shelter-seeking behaviour; larvae that had been exposed to control cues did not show these behaviours. In addition, wood frog (Rana sylvatica)tadpoles learned to respond to chemical cues from unfamiliar predators with danger based on embryonic conditioning. Therefore, if embryonic experience is a good predictor of future risk, learning associated with exposure to negative stimuli during development may be adaptive.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning by embryos and the ghost of predation future

et al. 2008

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“…Larvae were then returned to the laboratory and transferred to a Ϫ80ЊC freezer until radioimmunoassays could be performed. An additional larvae N p 10 from each pond were collected to determine body mass and developmental stage (Watson and Russell 2000) distributions at each site (table 1) and were subsequently released. The Watson and Russell (2000) staging scheme for larval Ambystoma development defines developmental stages as follows: forelimb development during stages 1-9, hind limb growth during stages 10-18, and finally gill reduction leading to metamorphosis during stages 19-22.…”

Section: Field Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pond Acidification May Explain Differences in Corticosterone among Salamander Populations

Chambers

Wojdak

et al. 2013

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. ABSTRACT Physiological tolerances play a key role in determining species distributions and abundance across a landscape, and understanding these tolerances can therefore be useful in predicting future changes in species distributions that might occur. Vertebrates possess several highly conserved physiological mechanisms for coping with environmental stressors, including the hormonal stress response that involves an endocrine cascade resulting in the increased production of glucocorticoids. We examined the function of this endocrine axis by assessing both baseline and acute stress-induced concentrations of corticosterone in larvae from eight natural breeding populations of Jefferson's salamander Ambystoma jeffersonianum. We surveyed individuals from each pond and also examined a variety of environmental pond parameters. We found that baseline and stress-induced corticosterone concentrations differed significantly among ponds. Population-level baseline corticosterone concentrations were negatively related to pH and positively related to nitrate, and stress-induced concentrations were again negatively related to pH, positively related to nitrate, and positively related to temperature. We followed the field survey with an outdoor mesocosm experiment in which we manipulated pH and again examined baseline and acute stress-induced corticosterone in A. jeffersonianum larvae. As in the field survey, we observed an increase in the baseline corticosterone concentration of individuals exposed to the lowest pH treatment (pH 5-5.8). Examining physiological indices using a combined approach of field surveys and experiments can be a powerful tool for trying to unravel the complexities of environmental impacts on species distributions. The University of Chicago Press

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“…These tables often focus on either embryonic and larval development (Oyama, 1930;Glü ckson, 1931;Anderson, 1943;Harrison, 1969;Hara and Boterenbrood, 1977;Bordzilovskaya et al, 1989;Collazo and Marks, 1994;Nye et al, 2003;Wong and Liversage, 2005;Ringia and Lips, 2007) or metamorphosis (Wilder, 1925;Grant, 1930Grant, , 1931Norman, 1985;Watson and Russell, 2000). The developmental criteria of metamorphic tables often rely on features not found in direct-developing plethodontids, such as tail fin height (Norman, 1985) or the presence of balancers and larval pigment patterns (Glü ckson, 1931), which makes explicit comparisons with Plethodon cinereus impossible.…”

Section: Other Salamander Staging Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The opposite is true for D. aeneus, which has hind limb digit development divided into three additional stages after the formation of all four forelimb digits. However, fore-and hind-limb bud development in both D. aeneus and P. cinereus occurs relatively concurrently in comparison to metamorphosing species in which the hind limb may form months after advanced forelimb digit formation (see Watson and Russell, 2000;Nye et al, 2003;Wong and Liversage, 2005; but see Wake and Shubin, 1998 for an exception in streamdwelling Dicamptodon). The coordination of fore-and hind limb development is relatively fixed within amniote clades, but can be extremely variable within Lissamphibia (Bininda-Emonds et al, 2007).…”

Section: Other Salamander Staging Tablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Embryonic Staging Table for a Direct‐Developing Salamander, Plethodon cinereus (Plethodontidae)

Kerney

2011

The Anatomical Record

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This work presents a refined staging table for the direct-developing red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus, which is based on the incomplete staging system of James Norman Dent (J Morphol 1942; 71:577-601). This common species from eastern North America is a member of the species-rich lungless salamander family Plethodontidae. The staging table presented here covers several stages omitted by Dent and reveals novel developmental features of P. cinereus embryos. These include putative Leydig cells and open gill clefts, which are found in larvae of metamorphosing species but were previously reported as absent in direct-developing Plethodon. Other features found in larvae of metamorphosing salamander species, such as the palatopterygoid bone and lateral line neuromasts, were not observed in this material. The occurrence of larval and metamorphic features in these embryos has direct bearing on the patterns of life history evolution within the plethodontidae family. This study emphasizes the degree to which typically larval structures are retained in this direct-developing species and provides a staging table for further investigations into the development and evolution of plethodontid salamanders.

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A posthatching developmental staging table for the long-toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei

Cited by 31 publications

References 23 publications

Learning by embryos and the ghost of predation future

Learning by embryos and the ghost of predation future

Pond Acidification May Explain Differences in Corticosterone among Salamander Populations

Embryonic Staging Table for a Direct‐Developing Salamander, Plethodon cinereus (Plethodontidae)

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