A practical approach for enhanced biodiesel production using organic modified montmorillonites as efficient heterogeneous hybrid catalysts

Abstract

Developing efficient and environmental-friendly heterogeneous catalysts for sustainable biodiesel preparation is considered a viable manner to meet global energy demand and alleviate environmental concerns. In this work, a series of...

Ligninsulfonate-Derived Porous Sulfonated Carbon Using Templating Method for the Alkylation of Hemicellulose-Derived Furfurals to Biodiesel Precursors

“…The hydroxyalkylation alkylation reaction (HAA) holds significant importance as a carbon–carbon coupling reaction, primarily involving the coupling of furfural (FFA), 5-hydroxymethyl­furfural, and 2-methylfuran (2-MF), derived from the chemical conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose. − This process yields C 12 –C 21 biodiesel precursors, which can be subsequently converted to long-chain alkanes via hydro­deoxygenation reactions. Currently, reported HAA reactions involving FFA and 2-MF predominantly utilize metal catalysts, metal-free solid protonic acids, or homogeneous acid catalysts. − However, the catalytic performance of metal-free solid protonic acids is often limited due to their restricted surface area and acid strength, resulting in single-pass conversion rates of furfural typically ranging between 20 and 70%, necessitating high catalyst dosages to achieve conversions exceeding 80%. − …”