“…The LSD [16] includes ultimate limit state (ULS), fatigue limit state (FLS), accidental limit state (ALS), and serviceability limit state (SLS). Among others, a number of studies have been conducted on ULS-based design, technique, and its applications in terms of ULS application to stiffened panels [36][37][38][39], scaling effect [40,41], stiffened panels with opening [42], dynamic ULS [43], low temperature effect [14], and prediction of ULS by an artificial neural network (ANN) [44]. The FLS of an offshore riser by an ANN and simplified method [45,46], the ALS and ULS of a non-ice class aged ship [4,47], a steel plated structure [3], a ship's hull [2], and Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) [48,49] are also investigated.…”