A Practical Overview of Case-Control Studies in Clinical Practice

Dey, Tanujit; Mukherjee, Anish; Chakraborty, Suman Bhusan

doi:10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.009

Cited by 32 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Particularly, At-retinal and 13 cis-RA showed improved predictions for PTB, and At-retinal and 13 cis-RA along with retinol was potentially bound to RBP and migrated to the target tissue, suggesting the possibility of involvement in amniotic membrane rupture. By employing a nested, case-control study design to match a discovery cohort of PTB cases with TB controls, we were able to increase statistical efficiency by having all cases and controls derived from the same well-defined source population, and to address relative confounders [49].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Indicators for Preterm Birth Using Retinoid Metabolites

et al. 2021

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Metabolites reflect the biochemical dynamics for the maintenance of pregnancy and parturition. UPLC-Q/TOF-MS and LC-MS/MS metabolomics were performed to identify and validate the plasma metabolomic signatures of preterm birth (PTB). We recruited pregnant women between 16 and 40 weeks 5 days gestational age at Ewha Womans Mokdong Hospital for a nested case-control study. In untargeted UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, score plots of partial least-squares discriminant analysis clearly separated the PTB group from the term birth (TB, n = 10; PTB, n = 11). Fifteen metabolites were significantly different between the two groups, as indicated by a variable importance in projection >1 and p < 0.05. Metabolic pathways involving retinol, linoleic acid, D-arginine, and D-ornithine were associated with PTB. Verification by LC-MS/MS focused on retinol metabolism (TB, n = 39; PTB, n = 20). Retinol levels were significantly reduced in PTB compared to TB, while retinal palmitate, all-trans-retinal, and 13-cis-retinoic acid (13cis-RA) significantly increased (p < 0.05). Retinol-binding protein levels were also elevated in PTB. Additionally, all-trans-retinal (AUC 0.808, 95% CI: 0.683–0.933) and 13cis-RA (AUC 0.826, 95% CI: 0.723–0.930) showed improved predictions for PTB-related retinol metabolites. This study suggests that retinoid metabolism improves the accuracy of PTB predictions and plays an important role in maintaining pregnancy and inducing early parturition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Indicators for Preterm Birth Using Retinoid Metabolites

et al. 2021

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“…Other types include the case-cohort study and the case-crossover study which are discussed elsewhere. 9 In a nested case-control study, the case-control study is embedded within a cohort of patients, and cases and controls are both selected from the same cohort. This has the advantage of better controlling for potential confounders because controls are from the same general population as the cases.…”

Section: Structure Of Case-control Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This can result in something called overmatching, which can bias towards a null effect and decrease the power of the study to find an association between disease and exposure. 9 Matching should be considered carefully because it can create selection bias, which may require further statistical adjustment. 18 Instead of, or in addition to matching, most case-control studies using multivariable logistic regression modeling during analysis to adjust for differences in baseline characteristics to create more similar baseline characteristics.…”

Section: Controlling For Confoundingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A practical introduction to conducting and using case‐control studies

Jackevicius

2021

J Am Coll Clin Pharm

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Case‐control studies are a commonly encountered observational study design in pharmacy practice and pharmacotherapy research. This practical introduction to conducting and using case‐control studies focuses on the key risk of bias concepts related to the selection of cases and controls and measurement of the exposure. This article also explains how to calculate and interpret odds ratios for exposure in the context of case‐control studies. Finally, considerations for the applicability of case‐control study findings are provided in the context of clinical decision‐making around harmful exposures. Practical checklists are provided for users and researchers conducting case‐control studies.

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“…Case–control studies are an efficient research method for investigating the risk factors of a disease. In a case–control study, the selection of controls is more complicated than the selection of cases [ 10 ]. The problems regarding finding an optimal comparison control group are among the most challenging issues in the design of case–control studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The selection minimizes different types of bias while allowing greater generalizability of results and reliable effect size through a feasible recruitment approach. The appropriate choice of the control group and the excellent selection of cases on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria are crucial aspects to the design and execution of a logical case–control study [ 10 ]. Moreover, minimizing bias in control selection depends on suitable de-confounding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Best-Fitted Control Selection on Effect Size: An Example in Functional GI Disorder Case–Control Studies

Adibi

Agah

Doosti

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background: Effect sizes are the most useful quantities for communicating the practical significance of results and helping to facilitate cumulative science. We hypothesize that the selection of the best-fitted controls can significantly affect the estimated effect sizes in case–control studies. Therefore, we decided to exemplify and clarify this effect on effect size using a large data set. The objective of this study was to investigate the association among variables in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and mental health problems, common ailments that reduce the quality of life of a large proportion of the community worldwide. Method: In this methodological study, we constitute case and control groups in our study framework using the Epidemiology of Psychological, Alimentary Health and Nutrition (SEPAHAN) dataset of 4763 participants. We devised four definitions for control in this extensive database of FGID patients and analyzed the effect of these definitions on the odds ratio (OR): 1. conventional control: without target disorder/syndrome (sample size 4040); 2. without any positive criteria: criterion-free control (sample size 1053); 3. syndrome-free control: without any disorder/syndrome (sample size 847); 4. symptom-free control: without any symptoms (sample size 204). We considered a fixed case group that included 723 patients with a Rome III-based definition of functional dyspepsia. Psychological distress, anxiety, and depression were considered as dependent variables in the analysis. Logistic regression was used for association analysis, and the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for OR were reported as the effect size. Results: The estimated ORs indicate that the strength of the association in the first case–control group is the lowest, and the fourth case–control group, including controls with completely asymptomatic people, is the highest. Ascending effect sizes were obtained in the conventional, criterion-free, syndrome-free, and symptom-free control groups. These results are consistent for all three psychological disorders, psychological distress, anxiety, and depression. Conclusions: This study shows that a precise definition of the control is mandatory in every case–control study and affects the estimated effect size. In clinical settings, the selection of symptomatic controls using the conventional definition could significantly diminish the effect size.

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A Practical Overview of Case-Control Studies in Clinical Practice

Cited by 32 publications

References 14 publications

Identification of Indicators for Preterm Birth Using Retinoid Metabolites

Identification of Indicators for Preterm Birth Using Retinoid Metabolites

A practical introduction to conducting and using case‐control studies

Impact of Best-Fitted Control Selection on Effect Size: An Example in Functional GI Disorder Case–Control Studies

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