“…, nominal temperature; N P , number of PV parallel cells; N s , number of PV series cells; I sc , PV module short circuit current; R L , resistive load; I 0 , reverse saturation current; R s , series resistance (Ω) of PV cell; R sh , shunt resistance (Ω) of PV cell; K I , temperature coefficient; V t , thermal voltage; ΔT = T act. 3,9 More recently, further schemes have been developed such as optimized dP-P&O, 10 S-Jaya, 11 fast MPPT, 12 and DMPPT. ; T act , actual temperature; DC, direct current; MPPT, maximum power point trackers; P&O, perturb and observe have inspired, permitted, and even subsidized the established low cost and high efficient PV generating system.…”