A Preliminary Experimental Verification On the Possibility of Bell Inequality Violation in Mental States

Abstract

For the first time we perform an experiment to test the possibility of Bell's inequality violation in mental states, during perception-cognition in humans. We study under a theoretical and experimental framework, a Bell-type test for human perception-cognition of ambiguous figures. It is performed a detailed analysis which demonstrates that, although we have not yet been able to violate Bell's inequality in the present performed experiment, there are strong theoretical arguments supporting our expectation to violate it by a simple articulation of the same experiment. In this framework we introduce for the first time what we retain to represent quantum cognitive observables. We consider that our analysis provides a solid ground for further investigations on quantum behaviour of cognitive systems. Therefore we reaffirm that quantum mechanics is a Giano Bifronte theory (two-faced Giano, a mythological God of the past), looking from one hand to physical reality and from the other hand to the sphere of mental reality and cognitive dynamics.

Violation of contextual generalization of the Leggett–Garg inequality for recognition of ambiguous figures

“…4 For the first group (A), the order of showing is randomly selected for each person. To assume statistically uniform randomness of this selection, we use the computerimplemented function (e.g.…”

“…We show the values of C12, C23 and C13 in the Table XX C12 C23 We estimate the LHS of the inequality: K(θ1, θ2, θ3) = C12 + C23 − C13. 4 We randomly selected the 151 participants from the students of Tokyo University of Science. And randomly divided this sample into three aforementioned groups.…”

“…In a series of papers [1]- [3] such an effect was found in experimental data collected in sequential recognition of a pair of ambiguous figures. Then it was also found [4] that these data violate Bell's inequality [5].…”

Quantum-like interference effect in gene expression: glucose-lactose destructive interference

“…Such tests will essentially clarify the situation, cf. with Bell's test in cognitive science (Conte et al 2008).…”

“…Recently a few authors started to explore quantum-like statistical models in psychology and cognitive science (Khrennikov 2003(Khrennikov , 2004(Khrennikov , 2006(Khrennikov , 2010Busemeyer et al , 2008Acacio de Barros and Suppes 2009;Accardi et al 2008Accardi et al , 2009Conte et al 2008Conte et al . 2009Fichtner et al 2008;Khrennikov and Haven 2009;Cheon and Takahashi 2010).…”