A preliminary investigation into bacterial viability using scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray analysis: The case of antibiotics

Abstract

The metabolic stages of bacterial development and viability under different stress conditions induced by disinfection, chemical treatments, temperature, or atmospheric changes have been thoroughly investigated. Here, we aim to evaluate early metabolic modifications in bacteria following induced stress, resulting in alterations to bacterial metabolism. A protocol was optimized for bacterial preparation using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), followed by optimizing EDX data acquisition and analysis. We investigated different preparation methods aiming to detect modifications in the bacterial chemical composition at different states. We first investigated Escherichia coli, acquiring data from fresh bacteria, after heat shock, and after contact with 70% ethanol, in order to prove the feasibility of this new strategy. We then applied the new method to different bacterial species following 1 h of incubation with increasing doses of antibiotics used as a stress-inducing agent. Among the different materials tested aiming to avoiding interaction with bacterial metabolites, phosphorous-doped silicon wafers were selected for the slide preparation. The 15 kV acceleration voltage ensured all the chemical elements of interest were excited. A thick layer of bacterial culture was deposited on the silicon wafer providing information from multiple cells and intra-cellular composition. The EDX spectra of fresh, heat-killed, and alcohol-killed E. coli revealed important modifications in magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Those same alterations were detected when applying this strategy to bacteria exposed to antibiotics. Tests based on SEM–EDX acquisition systems would provide early predictions of the bacterial viability state in different conditions, yielding earlier results than culture.

Sensing of Antibiotic–Bacteria Interactions

“…Subcellular impedance mapping reveals the cellular structural changes associated with the antibiotic action [52], making EIM a promising method for further development of MoA elucidation methods. Another recently applied method for studying bacterial cell responses to various stresses is energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [53] (Figure 11). This method has been shown to be capable of detecting non-morphological antibiotic effects and is very promising in assessing the early bacterial response [53].…”

“…Another recently applied method for studying bacterial cell responses to various stresses is energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [53] (Figure 11). This method has been shown to be capable of detecting non-morphological antibiotic effects and is very promising in assessing the early bacterial response [53]. Another recently applied method for studying bacterial cell responses to various stresses is energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [53] (Figure 11).…”

“…This method has been shown to be capable of detecting non-morphological antibiotic effects and is very promising in assessing the early bacterial response [53]. Another recently applied method for studying bacterial cell responses to various stresses is energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [53] (Figure 11). This method has been shown to be capable of detecting non-morphological antibiotic effects and is very promising in assessing the early bacterial response [53].…”