A Preliminary Investigation of Alternatives to Fumagillin for the Treatment of Loma salmonae Infection in Rainbow Trout

Athanassopoulou, F.; Daley, J.; Sánchez, J. G.

doi:10.1053/jcpa.1999.0325

Cited by 37 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Albendazole administered by the oral route delays the formation of xenomas in the microsporidian Loma salmonae (Speare et al 1999), and is effective for the treatment of hexamitosis caused by Hexamita salmonis (Tojo & Santamarina 1998 spores (Schmahl & Benini 1998). In the present study, the lack of efficacy when administered in seawater argues strongly against its in vivo utility for treatment of scuticociliatosis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Albendazole administered by the oral route delays the formation of xenomas in the microsporidian Loma salmonae (Speare et al 1999), and is effective for the treatment of hexamitosis caused by Hexamita salmonis (Tojo & Santamarina 1998). It has likewise been demonstrated that periodic albendazole baths damage all developmental stages of Glugea anomala, including mature spores (Schmahl & Benini 1998).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This compound, combined with sulfaquinoxaline, provokes the lysis in 195 Dis Aquat Org 49: 191-197, 2002 vitro of Anophryoides haemophila, the scuticociliate responsible for bumper car disease in lobsters (Novotny et al 1996). The joint use of these 2 compounds in fishes has only been reported in salmonids infected with Loma salmonae, in which delayed xenoma formation was observed (Speare et al 1999). …”

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Antiprotozoals effective in vitro against the scuticociliate fish pathogen Philasterides dicentrarchi

Iglesias¹,

Paramá²,

Álvarez³

et al. 2002

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The histophagous ciliate Philasterides dicentrarchi causes fatal scuticociliatosis in farmed turbot Scophthalmus maximus and sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. The present study screened 52 candidate antiprotozoals for activity against this pathogen in vitro. Of these compounds, 14 were effective (i.e. killed all ciliates within a 24 h assay period). In descending order of efficacy (minimum lethal concentration 100 to 0.8 ppm), these were niclosamide, oxyclozanide, bithionol sulfoxide, toltrazuril, N-(2'-hydroxy-5'-chloro-benzoyl) 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline, furaltadone, doxycycline hyclate, formalin, albendazole, carnidazole, pyrimethamine, quinacrine hydrochloride and quinine sulfate. Administration in filtered seawater rather than phosphate-buffered saline inactivated doxycycline hyclate and albendazole, and markedly reduced that of bithionol sulfoxide and toltrazuril, suggesting that these compounds may not be effective in bath administration. In view of these findings, we discuss the potential utility of chemotherapy as a strategy for the control of scuticociliatosis in farmed turbot and sea bass. KEY WORDS: Turbot · Scuticociliatosis · Philasterides dicentrarchi · Chemotherapy · In vitro assayResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Dis Aquat Org 49: 191-197, 2002 192 pensions of powder compounds (tablets were previously powdered in a mortar) were prepared in distilled water or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma Chemical). The resulting stocks, or commercially purchased solutions, were diluted in physiological phosphatebuffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2) or 0.2 µm-filtered seawater (salinity 28 ‰) to the final concentrations used in the screening (see following subsection). Tests performed in filtered seawater allow automatic exclusion of the possibility of partial or total inactivation of the test substance under marine conditions. A substance found to be effective in vitro by this procedure can thus be expected to be effective in bath administration to infected fish. Determination of lethal activity. Ciliates in the late exponential phase or early plateau phase of culture were concentrated by centrifugation at 650 × g for 5 min and then resuspended in PBS or filtered seawater. After counting in a haemocytometer, 10 µl of ciliate suspension containing 10 4 ciliates were added to each well of 96-well microtitre polystyrene plates containing 90µl well -1 of the candidate antiprotozoal at the required dose in PBS or filtered seawater. Final doses tested were: (1) 250, 125, 62, 31, 16, 8.4, and 2 ppm for formalin, and (2) 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.2, 3.1, 1.5 and 0.8 ppm for the remaining test substances. Each determination was performed in duplicate. Wells containing ciliates in assay solution (PBS or filtered seawater) without chemicals were also assayed as negative controls. To rule out possible effects of the solvent in DMSO-dissolved compounds, duplicate wells with PBS or filtered seawater containing the highest concentration of DMSO used (up to 2.5%) were also included. Pl...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Albendazole administered by the oral route delays the formation of xenomas in the microsporidian Loma salmonae (Speare et al 1999), and is effective for the treatment of hexamitosis caused by Hexamita salmonis (Tojo & Santamarina 1998). It has likewise been demonstrated that periodic albendazole baths damage all developmental stages of Glugea anomala, including mature spores (Schmahl & Benini 1998).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antiprotozoals effective in vitro against the scuticociliate fish pathogen Philasterides dicentrarchi

Iglesias¹,

Paramá²,

Álvarez³

et al. 2002

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Instead, antiparasitic pharmaceuticals are used, and this raises concerns about drug residues as these fish enter the human food supply (13). Although some recent advances in discovering chemotherapeutic agents against MGDS have been made, none have shown the degree of XCPGA reduction noted herein for vaccination (16). The current study demonstrates the efficacy of a killed-whole-spore vaccine preparation with a known spore dose against MGDS utilizing a recently discovered low-virulence strain of L. salmonae.…”

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confidence: 78%

Development of an Effective Whole-Spore Vaccine To Protect against Microsporidial Gill Disease in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by Using a Low-Virulence Strain ofLoma salmonae

Speare

Markham

Guselle

2007

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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In determining the effective vaccine spore dose of a low-virulence strain of Loma salmonae to limit microsporidial gill disease in trout, we found that fish receiving 103 to 105 killed spores had the best protection against experimental infection, with 85% fewer xenomas in their gills than in the controls. Intraperitoneal delivery of the vaccine was effective, and the addition of adjuvant did not improve vaccine performance against this disease-causing microsporidian.

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“…Fumagillin (and its more recent analogs) are the only proven drugs for treating Microsporea and Myxosporea infections (Molnar et al 1987, Hedrick et al 1988, 1991, Higgings & Kent 1988, Kent & Dawe 1994, Speare et al 1999. This drug has proved effective against Myxidium giardi (Szekely et al 1988), Thelohanellus hovorkai and Sphaerospora renicola in common carp when administrated during the infective period (Molnár et al 1987, Yokoyama et al 1999 (Hedrick et al 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy and toxicity of orally administrated anti-coccidial drugs for innovative treatments of Myxobolus sp. infection in Puntazzo puntazzo

Athanassopoulou

Karagouni²,

Dotsika³

et al. 2004

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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This study tested drugs and therapeutic compounds to determine effective commercial treatment for fishes infected with myxosporeans. Two series of shore-based experiments and 1 field trial were performed. For the shore-based experiments we used Puntazzo puntazzo (ca. 20 g weight) with kidneys infected with Myxobolus sp. Initially, 6 different doses of Fumagillin, 2 doses of Toltrazuril, and 1 dose of Amprolium, ESB3 and Salinomycin were tested. In the second shore-based experiment, infected fish were treated with Origanum essential oils, Toltrazuril with propylene glycol, Amprolium, and a combination of Salinomycin 12% + Amprolium (SA). In the field trial, P. puntazzo (ca. 165 g) infected with the parasite were treated with SA, Origanum essential oils and Fumagillin. In all trials, the drugs were added to the feed and administered according to the selected regimen. Their efficacy was evaluated in terms of mortality (acceptable level was < 3%), pathology and prevalence rate of Myxobolus sp. Lesions were observed only in fish treated with Fumagillin and Toltrazuril. Pathology due to treatment with Fumagillin was observed only at doses > 6 mg kg -1 body wt for 6 wk in the interstitial renal tissue, where slight inflammation arose. The highest dose tested (25 mg kg -1 ) also produced necrosis in the interstitial tissue, degeneration of the epithelial cells of the tubules and a reduction in melanomacrophage centre numbers. The SA combination proved the most effective treatment for Myxobolus sp. infection of P. puntazzo as (1) the therapeutic regimen and commercial product was not toxic and (2) a significant reduction occurred in the prevalence rate. KEY WORDS: Puntazzo puntazzo · Anti-myxosporean treatment · HistopathologyResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Dis Aquat Org 62: [217][218][219][220][221][222][223][224][225][226] 2004 Athanassopoulou 1998a, Rigos et al. 2000, Athanassopoulou et al. 2003. Although researchers have made major advances in regard to antibiotic treatments, sensitivity and drug residues in tissues, progress in the field of antihelminthic treatment of warmwater fishes (such as sea bream and bass) is very limited. There are no licensed antiparasitic compounds for Mediterranean species or official minimal residue limits (MRLs) currently available and all information is extrapolated from coldwater species, especially salmonids. This can cause problems, as treatment conditions differ greatly in terms of environmental (temperature, pH, stability, toxicity to other aquatic animals) and individual (safety, metabolism, stress, residues) factors.The taxonomy, epidemiology and pathology of myxosporean parasites other than Myxidium leei infecting Puntazzo puntazzo have not been well studied, and few reports exist (Athanassopoulou et al. 1998, Mladineo 2003 making the identification very difficult. An unidentified Myxobolus species has been reported from the small intestine of annular sea bream Diplodus annularis in Croatia (Mladineo 2003) in low nu...

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A Preliminary Investigation of Alternatives to Fumagillin for the Treatment of Loma salmonae Infection in Rainbow Trout

Cited by 37 publications

References 24 publications

Antiprotozoals effective in vitro against the scuticociliate fish pathogen Philasterides dicentrarchi

Antiprotozoals effective in vitro against the scuticociliate fish pathogen Philasterides dicentrarchi

Development of an Effective Whole-Spore Vaccine To Protect against Microsporidial Gill Disease in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by Using a Low-Virulence Strain ofLoma salmonae

Efficacy and toxicity of orally administrated anti-coccidial drugs for innovative treatments of Myxobolus sp. infection in Puntazzo puntazzo

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