A Preliminary Investigation of Traumatically Induced Axonal Injury in a Three-Dimensional (3-D) Finite Element Model (FEM) of the Human Head During Blast-Loading

Dagro, Amy M.; McKee, Philip J; Kraft, Reuben H.; Zhang, Timothy G.; Satapathy, S.

doi:10.21236/ada588181

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Once the blast enters the skull, the effect on brain tissue is still under investigation. However, computer simulations and test data suggest that stress waves induce shear, spallation, implosion, and inertial effects within the brain tissue ( 69 ), leading to diffuse axonal injury in white matter regions ( 75 ). Models also suggest that the enhancement effects of pressure waves passing through the skull and blast reflection at the interface of different materials cause neuronal damage and tissue disruption, typically in the traditional coup and contrecoup regions ( 75 ).…”

Section: Blastmentioning

confidence: 99%

When Physics Meets Biology: Low and High-Velocity Penetration, Blunt Impact, and Blast Injuries to the Brain

et al. 2015

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The incidence of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in the US has reached epidemic proportions with well over 2 million new cases reported each year. TBI can occur in both civilians and warfighters, with head injuries occurring in both combat and non-combat situations from a variety of threats, including ballistic penetration, acceleration, blunt impact, and blast. Most generally, TBI is a condition in which physical loads exceed the capacity of brain tissues to absorb without injury. More specifically, TBI results when sufficient external force is applied to the head and is subsequently converted into stresses that must be absorbed or redirected by protective equipment. If the stresses are not sufficiently absorbed or redirected, they will lead to damage of extracranial soft tissue and the skull. Complex interactions and kinematics of the head, neck and jaw cause strains within the brain tissue, resulting in structural, anatomical damage that is characteristic of the inciting insult. This mechanical trauma then initiates a neuro-chemical cascade that leads to the functional consequences of TBI, such as cognitive impairment. To fully understand the mechanisms by which TBI occurs, it is critically important to understand the effects of the loading environments created by these threats. In the following, a review is made of the pertinent complex loading conditions and how these loads cause injury. Also discussed are injury thresholds and gaps in knowledge, both of which are needed to design improved protective systems.

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Section: Blastmentioning

confidence: 99%

When Physics Meets Biology: Low and High-Velocity Penetration, Blunt Impact, and Blast Injuries to the Brain

et al. 2015

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“…35 Ultimately, exposure to blast results in neuronal damage and tissue disruption, often detected in the traditional coup and contrecoup regions, and diffuse axonal injuries caused by induced stress and strains within the living tissues of the brain. 36 Because these stresses and strains cannot be directly measured, measurement of ICP can provide a useful surrogate method for estimating energy deposition, particularly because ICPs have shown to correlate with fatality rates. 37 In addition, computational modeling can provide significant insight into transmission and dissipation of blast energy through and into the brain tissue.…”

Section: Penetrating Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[38][39][40][41] Based upon these simulations, stress waves induce shear, spallation, implosion, and inertial effects within the brain tissue. 33 Computational models have also shown that peak stresses and strains within the brain correlate with high-pressure regions at the coup and contrecoup locations 30,36 ; the coup/ contrecoup regions are shown to be more exposed to high magnitude pressures, and consequently greater injury, due to the reflection of the shock wave at the interface of the brain with the skull. 42…”

Section: Penetrating Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biophysical Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injuries

et al. 2015

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Despite years of effort to prevent traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), the occurrence of TBI in the United States alone has reached epidemic proportions. When an external force is applied to the head, it is converted into stresses that must be absorbed into the brain or redirected by a helmet or other protective equipment. Complex interactions of the head, neck, and jaw kinematics result in strains in the brain. Even relatively mild mechanical trauma to these tissues can initiate a neurochemical cascade that leads to TBI. Civilians and warfighters can experience head injuries in both combat and noncombat situations from a variety of threats, including ballistic and blunt impact, acceleration, and blast. It is critical to understand the physics created by these threats to develop meaningful improvements to clinical care, injury prevention, and mitigation. Here the authors review the current state of understanding of the complex loading conditions that lead to TBI and characterize how these loads are transmitted through soft tissue, the skull and into the brain, resulting in TBI. In addition, gaps in knowledge and injury thresholds are reviewed, as these must be addressed to better design strategies that reduce TBI incidence and severity.

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“…Grujicic et al [10] propose that rotational motion and acceleration/deceleration are not applicable in blast-induced trauma scenarios. Conversely, an investigation by Dagro et al [11] supports the notion that rotational loading is relevant to blast events. In addition, Elder [12] discovered injuries reminiscent of DAI by exposing live animals to blast pressure events, and attributes these injuries to rotational acceleration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Modelling the Presence of Diffuse Axonal Injury in Primary Phase Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury

Sinclair

Wittek

Doyle

et al. 2016

Computational Biomechanics for Medicine

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A Preliminary Investigation of Traumatically Induced Axonal Injury in a Three-Dimensional (3-D) Finite Element Model (FEM) of the Human Head During Blast-Loading

Cited by 6 publications

References 30 publications

When Physics Meets Biology: Low and High-Velocity Penetration, Blunt Impact, and Blast Injuries to the Brain

When Physics Meets Biology: Low and High-Velocity Penetration, Blunt Impact, and Blast Injuries to the Brain

Biophysical Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injuries

Modelling the Presence of Diffuse Axonal Injury in Primary Phase Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury

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