A Preliminary Study of Reproductive HealthEducation Model for Indonesian Migrant Workers

Abstract

Background:It is estimated that around 4.5 millions of Indonesians work abroad, and 70% of themare women, aged ranging from 18 to 35 years old. Mostly are employed in the domestic sector as housemaids. They are prone to exploitation, extortion, physical and sexual abuses, due to human trafficking. Up to present, there is no reproductive health education programmesfor Indonesian migrant workershas been established. Thereforeit is necessary to provide education modules on reproductive health for them, which targetsspecific education levels and socio-economic background. Methods:We evaluated the effectiveness of three models of reproductive health education on 24 Indonesian migrant workers as subjects. The subjects were classified into 3 groups, 8 subjects for each group. Group A received conventional model (modules without case), group B received moduleswith few cases given alongside, and group C received modules with many cases added to the modules. The modules included: (1) Female and male reproductive organs, (2) Fertile window, menstruation, pregnancy and abortion, (3) Human sexuality and sexual abuse, (4) Sex educationand sexually transmitted infections. Each modulewere given in the scheme of 4x120 minutes,twice every week. The evaluations were conducted using pre-test post-test design. The effectiveness of intervention was assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Furthermore, we also conducted focussed group discussion(FGD) regarding the models and modules of the training in the fifth week of the experiment.Results: There was a significant differences between subjects received module without case (Group A) compared to subjects received module with a few cases added (Group B)and modules with many cases added (Group C) at a<0.05, while there was no significant differences between subjects received module with few cases (Group B) compared with many cases added (Group B vs Group C) compared to Group A and Group B (a<0.05). Our results showed that modules with many cases added has the highest intervention effect in the reproductive health education models. Conclusion:Our study concludes that the most effective model to builtcompetencies in reproductive health for Indonesian migrant worker is specific modules with many cases (Module C).

Systematic review of the effectiveness of menstrual health interventions in low- and middle-income countries in the East Asia and Pacific region

“… 35 , 36 Attitude towards menstruation : Assessed using the 13-item Adolescent Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire. 33 , 37 Silitonga 2021 38 Information and education. Indonesia.…”

“…11 studies evaluated information and education interventions. Five were exclusively MH education interventions, 31 , 32 , 39 , 44 , 52 five included MH as part of broader educational programming 28 , 29 , 38 , 40 , 42 and one included a MH education session to support the delivery of menstrual product provision. 43 Across studies, education session duration varied from a single 45-min session to 6-months unlimited access to an online learning module.…”

“…Some studies used a continuous quiz score, whilst others selected a cut-off value with limited justification. Two studies integrated questions capturing attitudes within their knowledge measure (Silitonga 2021 38 ; Grant 2020 42 ). Evaluations of MH-specific education included more questions capturing knowledge related to self-care strategies, whereas SRH education studies most often included a smaller range of questions relevant to MH, such as knowledge of the signs of puberty and the fertile window.…”

“…Of the 11 studies, two were assessed as critical, 38 , 52 eight as serious 28 , 31 , 32 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 44 and one as having a moderate risk of bias. 29 Generally, all studies lacked sufficient reporting across multiple domains, such as method of and allocation concealment, measurement of outcomes or selection of the reported result.…”

Increasing Reproductive Health Knowledge of Indonesian Female Migrant Workers Through Case Study Learning Method

“…As much as 67% of Indonesia migrant workers are young women and more than 90% of them are working in informal sector such as domestic work. Due to the characteristic of the job, they might face several problem including unpaid work, physical and mental abuse, harassment, exploitation in work, dissatisfaction, disagreement with the employer, illness, and the risk to face death penalty (Henry & Adams, 2018;Ilo, 2019;Winarso et al, 2021). A number of factors were recognized as factors that contributed to the sexual harassment including individual factor, relationships, working place, and the related policy.…”