A preliminary study of schema therapy for young adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: a single-arm, uncontrolled trial

Oshima, Fumiyo; Murata, Tomokazu; Ohtani, Toshiyuki; Seto, Mikuko; Shimizu, Eiji

doi:10.1186/s13104-021-05556-1

Cited by 7 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Sixteen articles described studies of mental health interventions that had been adapted to make them more appropriate for autistic people. These included adaptations of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for anxiety (49,50,58), CBT for OCD (30,51), mindfulness-based therapy for autism spectrum disorders (MBT-AS) (31,53), Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) (36,43), guided self-help CBT for depression (33,38), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) (56), Schema therapy (55), mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) (37), CBT for anxiety and depression (37), CBT aimed to reduce general psychological distress (42,45). No trials directly compared adapted and non-adapted mental health interventions; hence no conclusions could be drawn as to whether specific adaptations resulted in better outcomes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, high levels of attendance, retention, homework compliance and treatment credibility were reported regarding group ACT (56) One study reported a high attendance rate to adapted CBT for anxiety (45). A study of CBT for anxiety (58) and a study of schema therapy (55) reported low drop-out rates. Most participants found the adaptations (i.e., use of visualisation) of CBT for anxiety to be helpful (50).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the 29 articles, two were RCTs (30,31), three were pilot RCTs (32)(33)(34), three were nonrandomised controlled trials (35)(36)(37), two were qualitative (38,39), one was retrospective analytical cross-sectional (40), four were surveys (41)(42)(43)(44), four were service evaluations (45)(46)(47)(48), and 10 were before-after comparison studies (49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58). Two of these articles were from the same trial (33,38).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Approaches to improving mental health care for autistic people: a systematic review

Loizou

Pemovska

Stefanidou

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Autistic people have a high likelihood of developing mental health difficulties but a low chance of receiving effective mental health care. Therefore, there is a need to identify and examine strategies to improve mental health care for autistic people. Aims: To identify strategies that have been implemented to improve access, experiences of care and mental health outcomes for autistic adults and examine evidence on their acceptability, feasibility and effectiveness. Method: A co-produced systematic review was conducted. MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINHAL, medRxiv and PsyArXiv were searched. We included all study designs reporting acceptability or feasibility outcomes and empirical quantitative study designs reporting effectiveness outcomes. Data were synthesised using a narrative approach. Results: A total of 29 articles were identified. These included 16 studies of adapted mental health interventions, seven studies of service improvements and six studies of bespoke mental health interventions developed for autistic people. There was no conclusive evidence on effectiveness. However, most bespoke and adapted approaches appeared to be feasible and acceptable. Identified adaptations appeared to be acceptable and feasible, including increasing knowledge and detection of autism, providing environmental adjustments and communication accommodations, accommodating individual differences, and modifying the structure and content of interventions. Conclusion: Many identified strategies are feasible and acceptable and can be readily implemented in services with the potential to make mental health care more suitable for autistic people, but important research gaps remain. Future research should address these and investigate a co-produced package of service improvement measures.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Approaches to improving mental health care for autistic people: a systematic review

Loizou

Pemovska

Stefanidou

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…One explanation might be that these modes are persistent due to the vulnerability to maladaptive schema development in autistic people (Gaus, 2019), though the changes in core beliefs contradict this explanation. In a study, examining ST in young autistic adults, a delayed change in schema modes compared to early maladaptive schemas was found, suggesting schema modes to be more stable than early maladaptive schemas (Oshima et al, 2021). Another explanation might be that the ST primarily strengthened functional modes, while not successfully addressing the dysfunctional modes in autistic people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early maladaptive schemas appear to account for mental health conditions in adults with autism spectrum conditions (Oshima et al, 2014). A single‐arm preliminary study with an open trial design ( N = 10, aged 20 to 39 years, 5 males, 5 females) indicated that individual ST is applicable as a treatment for young autistic adults with mental health conditions (no PD), showing a significant reduction in early maladaptive schemas and improvement in quality of life and social adjustment (Oshima et al, 2018; Oshima et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schema therapy for personality disorders in autistic adults: Results of a multiple case series study

Vuijk

Deen

Geurts

et al. 2022

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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Background To our knowledge, treatment of personality disorder (PD) comorbidity in autistic adults is understudied and is still in its infancy. We investigated the effectiveness of schema therapy (ST) for autistic adults with PD. Method A multiple case series design with 12 adults (aged 19–62 years) was used with baseline, exploration, ST (with cognitive behavioural and experiential techniques) and follow‐up conditions. Participants rated dysfunctional core beliefs (primary outcome) weekly during baseline and treatment and monthly during follow‐up. Schema modes, general mental health symptoms, social responsiveness, PD traits and common Axis‐I mental disorders were assessed. Results Mixed model analyses indicated significant effects of ST with medium to large effect sizes for dysfunctional core beliefs, functional schema modes, PD traits, general mental health symptoms and social responsiveness. Results remained stable during follow‐up. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that ST might be effective in decreasing dysfunctional core beliefs, PD traits and general mental health symptoms and in increasing functional schema modes and social responsiveness. Improvements persisted over time. ST seems effective in treating PD in autistic individuals.

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Schema therapy in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review

Vuijk,

Turner,

Zimmerman

et al. 2024

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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BackgroundSchema therapy (ST) in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have gained increasing interest in clinical practice and research. However, to date, there has been no synthesis of the literature on ST as treatment for adults with ASD. Through a scoping review, we aim to summarize the emerging research and literature on ST for adults with ASD.MethodsA comprehensive literature search of three electronic databases was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) guidelines. Publications were included that examined ST in adults with ASD and non‐clinical adults with autistic traits.ResultsSystematic searches identified a total of 11 publications, all published since 2014, with the majority being conducted by Dutch and Japanese researchers. Of the 11 publications, 1 described an ST‐informed social interaction training, 1 was an ST protocol, 2 described conceptual ST models, 2 were case examples, 2 examined early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and 3 investigated the effectiveness of ST interventions. In summary, the theoretical exploration, practical examples of the application of ST and research findings with preliminary evidence of ST, EMSs and schema modes (SMs) in adults with ASD point towards the potential of ST for the treatment of adults with ASD.DiscussionThe current scoping review highlights preliminary research findings and offers valuable suggestions for clinicians treating adults with ASD. This review underscores the need for development of and research in specialized ST protocols and programmes tailored to adults with ASD with chronic mental conditions, such as personality disorders (PDs).

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A preliminary study of schema therapy for young adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder: a single-arm, uncontrolled trial

Cited by 7 publications

References 39 publications

Approaches to improving mental health care for autistic people: a systematic review

Approaches to improving mental health care for autistic people: a systematic review

Schema therapy for personality disorders in autistic adults: Results of a multiple case series study

Schema therapy in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review

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