A Preliminary Study of the Ductility of Chromium

Goodwin, H.B.; Gilbert, ER; Schwartz, C. M.; Greenidge, C. T.

doi:10.1149/1.2781099

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Unfortunately, poor formability and extreme brittleness at room temperature have thus far hindered commercial development. Investigations now in progress at several laboratories and some recent publications (1)(2)(3)(4) indicate that ductile chromium-base alloys can be produced provided that the impurity level is reduced to a sufficiently low value. Oxygen is known to embrittle the other body-centered cubic, high-melting metals, iron, molybdenum, and tungsten, and it is believed that it may also raise the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of chromium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Thermodynamics of the Oxidation of Chromium

Ramsey

Caplan²,

Burr³

1956

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In many cases, interest does not lie in the detailed distribution of corrosion attack over the anodes, as described in previous papers (1)(2)(3)(4), but in the average corrosion rate of one phase. For this reason attention was turned to the problem of calculating total and average values of the corrosion current parameter C~*(x).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamics of the Oxidation of Chromium

Ramsey

Caplan²,

Burr³

1956

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The chemical condition of ferum and chromium in SUS304 was identified via the 2P3/2 atomic orbital satellite peak. In Figure 10a, the location of the iron metal peak for stainless steel, which was roughly 706.7 eV [28], was observed on the outer surface of the room-temperature SUS304 substrate (a). When the SUS304 substrate was annealed at 400 • C and 700 • C, the outermost surface of the substrate showed a peak position of hematite Fe 2 O 3 (Fe 2+ ) at around 709.3 eV [28].…”

Section: Evaluation Of the Chemical State Of Iron Chromium And Oxygen...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Figure 10a, the location of the iron metal peak for stainless steel, which was roughly 706.7 eV [28], was observed on the outer surface of the room-temperature SUS304 substrate (a). When the SUS304 substrate was annealed at 400 • C and 700 • C, the outermost surface of the substrate showed a peak position of hematite Fe 2 O 3 (Fe 2+ ) at around 709.3 eV [28]. This result suggested that there was a shift within the chemical state of the SUS304 substrate from a Fe metal state at room temperature to the hematite state after annealing at 400 • C and 700 • C. The oxide layer of SUS304 at room temperature mainly consisted of chromium metal, as indicated by the notable peak at 574.0 eV [29].…”

Section: Evaluation Of the Chemical State Of Iron Chromium And Oxygen...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Remaining Oxide on the Adhesion Strength of Supersonic Particle Deposition TiO2 Coatings on Annealed Stainless Steel

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The cold spray or Supersonic Particle Deposition technique has great potential for producing ceramic nanostructured coatings. This technique operates at a processing temperature that is low enough to preserve the initial feedstock materials’ microstructure. Nevertheless, depositing ceramic powders using a cold spray can be challenging because of the materials’ brittle nature. The interaction between substrate and particles is significantly influenced by substrate attributes, including hardness, material nature, degree of oxidation and temperature. In this study, the effect of the substrate’s remaining oxide composition on the adhesion strength of an agglomerated nano-TiO2 coating was investigated. The results showed that the coating adhesion strength increased for hard materials such as stainless steel and pure chromium as the annealed substrate temperature also increased from room temperature to 700 °C, indicating thicker oxide on the substrate surface. TiO2 particles mainly bond with SUS304 substrates through oxide bonding, which results from a chemical reaction involving TiO2-OH−. Chromium oxide (Cr2O3) is thermodynamically preferred in SUS304 and provides the OH− component required for the reaction. SUS304 shows a thermodynamic preference for chromium oxide (Cr2O3), and this enables Cr2O3 to provide the necessary OH− component for the reaction.

show abstract

“…At about this same time, Greiner (3) showed that chromium could be deformed in compression at room temperature. Additional evidence of the ductility of chromium in cold compression was obtained in exploratory work at Battelle (4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

A Metallurgical Evaluation of Iodide Chromium

Maykuth

Klopp

Jaffee

et al. 1955

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Both the physical condition and the purity of chromium are important factors in its ductility. By proper fabrication techniques, iodide chromium sheet having an average ductile-to-brittle bend-transition temperature below 0~ has been obtained. Small quantities of oxygen, nitrogen, iron, molybdenum, tungsten, and silicon have little effect on the bend ductility of chromium. However, nickel, carbon, or sulfur adversely affect both the hot and cold ductility. ~NTRODUCTIONWhile chromium finds widespread use in electroplated form and as an alloying addition to other metals, the cold brittleness of commercially available grades of the metal has thus far precluded any direct applications of it in massive form. Recent work at various laboratories, however, has furnished strong evidence that pure chromium is actually a ductile metal.The first report of any ductility in chromium was that given by Kro} 1 (1). By utilizing various reduction processes, he obtained chromium granules of "better than 99 per cent purity" which, although brittle when cold, could withstand deformation by forging when red hot. In later work (2), Kroll and his associates prepared chromium powder which analyzed 99.9% pure by the reduction of chromic chloride with magnesium and subsequent deoxidation with pure, dry hydrogen. Sheet prepared from this product by powder metallurgical processes was ductile at temperatures above 500~ but brittle at temperatures below 500~ At about this same time, Greiner (3) showed that chromium could be deformed in compression at room temperature. Additional evidence of the ductility of chromium in cold compression was obtained in exploratory work at Battelle (4).In 1952, Hayes (5) and Gilbert (6) reported that arc melting of hydrogen-treated chromium had been accomplished and that successful forging, rolling, and swaging of this material had been carried out. A representative analysis (7) of the hydrogenreduced arc-melted chromium showed that 0.001% iron, 0.05 % silicon, 0.003 % oxygen, 0.002 % nitrogen, and 0.005 % hydrogen were present. In regard to all other metallic impurities, the metal was described as pure as the best spectrographic standards available. The workability of this chromium was shown by the ability to drill, saw, grind, tap, turn, and file in the Manuscript received September 9, 1954. This p~per w~s prepared for delivery before the Chicago Meeting, May 2 to 6, 1954. 316 cold state, and to spot weld chromium to either chromium or iron. The metal could not be bent cold, but did withstand a free bend at 325~Recently, Sully and coworkers (8), using sintered compacts of hydrogen-reduced electrolytic chromium, showed that chromium undergoes a sharp transition in bend tests from brittleness to appreciable ductility over the range of a few degrees of temperature. The lowest temperature at which he found substantial ductility in bend tests was 50~ In a study of the influence of impurities on this transition temperature, Sully observed that oxygen in the range 0.001-0.9 % has hardly any influence on the transitio...

show abstract

A Preliminary Study of the Ductility of Chromium

Abstract: Chromium was found to be cold ductile if it is sufficiently pure and if low strain rates are used. Ductility is dependent on strain rate and purity. The slip mechanism was confirmed by x-ray and microscopic techniques.

Cited by 12 publications

References 1 publication

Thermodynamics of the Oxidation of Chromium

Thermodynamics of the Oxidation of Chromium

Influence of Remaining Oxide on the Adhesion Strength of Supersonic Particle Deposition TiO2 Coatings on Annealed Stainless Steel

A Metallurgical Evaluation of Iodide Chromium

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About