A Preliminary Study on the Use of Methedrine in Psychiatric Diagnosis

Simon, John L.; Taube, Harry

doi:10.1097/00005053-194612000-00002

Cited by 30 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The patients themselves keep on trying to improve their condition by physical exercise, ingestion of tonics, vitamins, or seek stimulation by drinking litres of tea, coffee or coke. Others have experienced relief through the stimulant and euphoriant properties of amphetamine and related substances procured abroad or illegally, observations that are absolutely contrary to general experience that amphetamine and its congeners lead to symptom increase in schizophrenia even in small doses (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). Their use is strongly advised against in most psychiatric and pharmacological text-books.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential response to amphetamine in schizophrenia

Cesarec

Nyman

1985

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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Amphetamine added to maintenance therapy with neuroleptic drugs was accompanied by relief of complaints in 32 of 48 chronic schizophrenic patients with a long-standing incapacity for work. In 22 cases this relief was followed by increased work efficiency. These gains were lost at experimental withdrawal of amphetamine. The response to amphetamine varied with type of schizophrenic symptomatology. All current regressive symptoms meant worsening in spite of concomitant neuroleptic treatment, in accordance with the dopamine hypothesis. Non-regressive subjects displaying florid symptoms, however, benefited. Worsening, in a few cases, occurred only in the absence of neuroleptics. A few subjects with negative symptoms only, seemed totally unresponsive. These findings point at variations in sensitivity to dopaminergic stimulation in schizophrenic subjects. Worsening and improvement with amphetamine were each clearly connected with type of symptomatology only when current psychotic or florid non-regressive symptoms were exhibited. In cases with negative symptoms only, the type of response could not be reliably based on clinical data. Studies of autonomic functioning and attention were therefore performed in a sub-sample. Skin conductance level, reactivity and habituation rate were found to be lower in positive responders before amphetamine. After amphetamine there were no such differences. Attention tests showed no initial differences between groups but the performance of positive responders improved with amphetamine.

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confidence: 99%

Differential response to amphetamine in schizophrenia

Cesarec

Nyman

1985

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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“…The observation that psychostimulants exacerbated psychosis in schizophrenic patients was first suggested by naturalistic studies (Simon & Traube, 1946;Hope et al, 1951;Pennes, 1954) and later confirmed in controlled prospective studies (Janowsky et al, 1973;Angrist et al, 1980;Van Kammen et al, 1982a;Lieberman et al, 1984Lieberman et al, , 1987Lieberman et al, , 1990. The observation that schizophrenics showed altered sensitivity to psychostimulants (dopaminergic) drugs provided further support for the role of abnormal DA function in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Psychopharmacological challenge studies in psychiatric research

D'Souza¹,

Krystal²

2001

Int. Rev. Psychiat.

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Psychopharmacological challenge studies have made significant contributions to understanding the neurobiological basis of psychiatric disorders. With the emergence of novel, sometimes alternative, techniques to study the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders, and the risks associated with some psychopharmacological challenge studies, the role of this technique has come under increasing scrutiny. Using the psychostimulant paradigm in schizophrenia research as the prototypical study, the important scientific contributions and risks of psychopharmacological challenge studies will be reviewed. The historical contributions of psychopharmacological challenge studies to psychiatric research will be reviewed. The risks and benefits of this approach will then be reviewed, in particular within the current ethical standards. Finally, the future role of psychopharmacological challenge studies is discussed. In the foreseeable future, psychopharmacological challenge studies either alone or in conjunction with novel techniques such as brain imaging, may continue to provide an important method to test candidate pathophysiologic mechanisms and to study potential pharmacotherapies.

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“…Putative stimuli for PST can induce transient mood changes, perceptual alterations and a range of psychosis-like effects (Angrist et al 1980; Hope et al 1951; Janowsky et al 1973; Lieberman et al 1987; Pennes 1954; Simon and Taube 1946) that can be captured using self-reported measures such as the Visual Analog Scales (VAS) and the Psychotomimetic State Inventory (PSI) (Mason et al 2008), and also clinician rated measures such as the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) (Overall and Gorham 1962), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (Kay et al 1987) and Clinician Administered Dissociative Symptoms Scale (CADSS) (Krystal et al 1994). Objective outcomes include cognitive testing (verbal memory, working memory, attention and executive function (Morgan and Curran 2006; Ranganathan and D'Souza 2006) , electrophysiological indices of information processing (p50 (Light et al 1999; Vollenweider et al 2007), p300 (D'Souza et al 2012), gamma oscillations (Cortes-Briones et al 2015a), cortical noise (Cortes-Briones et al 2015b) and mismatch negativity (Umbricht et al 2002)) and brain imaging (Positron Emission Tomography (Egerton et al 2013; Vollenweider et al 1997; Wolkin et al 1987), Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (Laruelle et al 1996), functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( f MRI) (Anticevic et al 2012; Corlett et al 2013; Driesen et al 2013) and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (Stone et al 2012).…”

Section: Development and Refinement Of Outcomes For Cardiac Stress Tementioning

confidence: 99%

The early identification of psychosis: can lessons be learnt from cardiac stress testing?

2015

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Psychotic disorders including schizophrenia are amongst the most debilitating psychiatric disorders. There is an urgent need to develop methods to identify individuals at risk with greater precision and as early as possible. At present, a prerequisite for a diagnosis of schizophrenia is the occurrence of a psychotic episode. Therefore, attempting to detect schizophrenia on the basis of psychosis is analogous to diagnosing coronary artery disease (CAD) after the occurrence of a myocardial infarction (MI). The introduction of cardiac stress testing (CST) has revolutionized the detection of CAD and the prevention and management of angina and MI. In this paper we attempt to apply lessons learnt from cardiac stress testing to the early detection of psychosis by proposing the development of an analogous psychosis stress test. We discuss in detail the various parameters of a proposed psychosis stress test including the choice of a suitable psychological or psychopharmacological “stressor”, target population, outcome measures, safety of the approach and the necessary evolution of test to become clinically informative. The history of evolution of CST may guide the development of a similar approach for the detection and management of psychotic disorders. The initial development of a test to unmask latent risk for schizophrenia will require the selection of a suitable and safe stimulus and the development of outcome measures as a prelude to testing in populations with a range of risk to determine predictive value. The use of cardiac stress testing in coronary artery disease offers the intriguing possibility that a similar approach may be applied to the detection and management of schizophrenia.

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A Preliminary Study on the Use of Methedrine in Psychiatric Diagnosis

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Differential response to amphetamine in schizophrenia

Differential response to amphetamine in schizophrenia

Psychopharmacological challenge studies in psychiatric research

The early identification of psychosis: can lessons be learnt from cardiac stress testing?

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