Triclocarban (TCC), as a widely used antimicrobial agent,
is accumulated
in waste activated sludge at a high level and inhibits the subsequent
anaerobic digestion of sludge. This study, for the first time, investigated
the effectiveness of microbial electrolysis cell-assisted anaerobic
digestion (MEC-AD) in mitigating the inhibition of TCC to methane
production. Experimental results showed that 20 mg/L TCC inhibited
sludge disintegration, hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis
processes and finally reduced methane production from traditional
sludge anaerobic digestion by 19.1%. Molecular docking revealed the
potential inactivation of binding of TCC to key enzymes in these processes.
However, MEC-AD with 0.6 and 0.8 V external voltages achieved much
higher methane production and controlled the TCC inhibition to less
than 5.8%. TCC in the MEC-AD systems was adsorbed by humic substances
and degraded to dichlorocarbanilide, leading to a certain detoxification
effect. Methanogenic activities were increased in MEC-AD systems,
accompanied by complete VFA consumption. Moreover, the applied voltage
promoted cell apoptosis and sludge disintegration to release biodegradable
organics. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the applied voltage increased
the resistance of electrode biofilms to TCC by enriching functional
microorganisms (syntrophic VFA-oxidizing and electroactive bacteria
and hydrogenotrophic methanogens), acidification and methanogenesis
pathways, multidrug efflux pumps, and SOS response.