“…Research on online learning motivation with various topics, problems and methods has been conducted. Online learning motivation has been examined using the social cognitive theory (SCT) and attention-relevanceconfidence-satisfaction (ARCS) integration model (Taha & Thang, 2014); self-regulated learning (SRL) and self-determination theory (SDT) integration models (Lin et al, 2017); motivation-opportunity-ability (MOA) and SDT (Lai et al, 2018); a single ARCS model (Mohamad et al, 2015); integrated models of ARCS and McLelland's theory of needs (Jokelova, 2013); a unique SDT model (Vanslambrouck et al, 2018;Zainuddin, 2018;Sergis, Sampson, & Pelliccione, 2018a;Jacobi, 2018). This research integrated three motivational models, namely ARCS, McLelland's theory of needs and Self-Determination Theory (SDT).…”