A Prison Without Walls?

Russia and the Soviet Union from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century

“…63 After 1905, there was an exponential increase in the number of katorga prisoners, from 6,123 in 1905 to 31,748 in 1912. 64 The majority of katorga prisons were in Siberia, though the increase in the number of katorga prisoners necessitated the building of two European katorga prisons, in Shlisselburg near St Petersburg in 1907, and in Orel in 1908. 65 The Imperial state overall showed itself poorly placed to profit from convict labour.…”