A Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Cryptosporidium Exposure Among Baltimore Urban Anglers

Roberts, Jennifer D.; Silbergeld, Ellen K.; Graczyk, Thaddeus K.

doi:10.1080/15287390701384791

Cited by 28 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…10 of 18 (56%) hand samples and 7 of 28 (25%) fish samples were positive for Cryptosporidium. No genotyping was conducted to determine what species or genotypes of Cryptoporidium were present but the authors concluded that the mean probability of infection with Cryptosporidium was relatively high (Roberts et al, 2007).…”

Section: Cryptosporidium In Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental transmission of C. parvum into rainbow trout revealed no life-cycle stages of A recent study examined the risk of exposure to Cryptosporidium based on fish samples and hand wash samples taken from Baltimore urban anglers (Roberts et al, 2007). A total of 46 fish and hand wash samples were collected from several popular angling locations in the Baltimore Metropolitan area.…”

Section: Cryptosporidium In Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptosporidium in birds, fish and amphibians

Ryan

2010

Experimental Parasitology

133

110

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Section: Cryptosporidium In Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cryptosporidium In Fishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium in birds, fish and amphibians

Ryan

2010

Experimental Parasitology

133

110

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“…There is no published information on contamination of crabs with Cryptosporidium, a waterborne pathogen commonly reported from coastal waters (3,6). However, our previous study demonstrated mechanical passage of C. parvum oocysts via handling of fish caught in urban watersheds to the hands of recreational anglers (16). The purposes of the present study were to determine if commercially harvested Atlantic blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), which are widely consumed, can serve as a vehicle for infectious waterborne oocysts of C. parvum and if the handling of crabs collected from Cryptosporidium-contaminated water can result in oocyst transfer to the handler's hands.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The present study indicates that handling and storage of edible crabs harvested from contaminated waters may represent an occupational health risk for cryptosporidiosis. Proper hand washing is effective in the removal of C. parvum oocysts (16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Handling as a Route of Exposure to Infectious Waterborne Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts via Atlantic Blue Crabs ( Callinectes sapidus )

Graczyk

McOliver

Silbergeld

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Commercial Atlantic blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) were exposed to 2.0 ؋ 10 4 infectious waterborne oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum. The study demonstrated that blue crabs can transfer C. parvum oocysts to persons involved in handling or preparing crabs and that they may contaminate other surfaces or products during storage.Cryptosporidium parvum is a human enteric pathogen that can be transmitted very efficiently via the fecal-oral route (i.e., autoinfection and person-to-person) and indirectly via contact with contaminated water, including consumption and recreational activities (5). Edible crabs may take up and retain human-virulent bacterial contaminants (1, 10, 11, 13) and organic and inorganic pollutants from ambient water and sediments at levels posing risks to consumers (12). There is no published information on contamination of crabs with Cryptosporidium, a waterborne pathogen commonly reported from coastal waters (3, 6). However, our previous study demonstrated mechanical passage of C. parvum oocysts via handling of fish caught in urban watersheds to the hands of recreational anglers (16). The purposes of the present study were to determine if commercially harvested Atlantic blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), which are widely consumed, can serve as a vehicle for infectious waterborne oocysts of C. parvum and if the handling of crabs collected from Cryptosporidium-contaminated water can result in oocyst transfer to the handler's hands.A 120-liter-capacity marine tank was filled with 4 liters of artificial seawater of 12-ppt salinity (9) to which 2.0 ϫ 10 4 C. parvum oocysts were added. The oocysts were tested and found to be infectious to neonatal BALB/c mice (6). C. parvum oocysts were eluted from 12 blue crabs (C. sapidus) purchased from a local market by sprinkling 0.5 liter of the eluting fluid (4) on the crabs' surfaces and then collecting all the fluid into a single plastic bottle. The crabs were alive and actively ventilating with their mouthpart appendages during the experiments. The crabs were left in the tank for 24 h, and then the oocysts were eluted from the individual surfaces of six randomly selected crabs as described above and the fluid was collected into six corresponding plastic bottles. The oocysts were eluted collectively from the surfaces of the remaining crabs, and the fluid was collected into a single plastic bottle. The crabs were handled by a single person, and the hands of that person were washed in a plastic ziplock bag (16) containing 0.5 liter of eluting fluid (4). The tank water was collected into a plastic container, and the tank was washed with 1 liter of the eluting fluid (4), which was added to the container. The samples were processed by a cellulose acetate membrane filter dissolution method (4), and the recovered material was tested by combined fluorescence in situ hybridization and a direct immunofluorescent antibody assay for C. parvum (7-9).

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“…7 Primarily, most studies have defined risk-associated recreational activities for only two broad categories: swimming or nonswimming, and focused on beaches and marine environments rather than freshwater bodies. 8,9 However, there are a few exceptions; Cryptosporidium risk was assessed for urban anglers through questionnaires, hand washing and fish sampling 10 and risk of gastrointestinal (GI) illness among surfers was researched by Stone and other authors. 11 Limited contact recreational activities, such as boating, fishing, kayaking, wading, canoeing, jet skiing and so on, have not been fully researched, because it is assumed that many of these activities have lower rates of exposure to water and thus to gastrointestinal pathogens compared with swimming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recreational use assessment of water-based activities, using time-lapse construction cameras

Sunger

Teske

Nappier

et al. 2012

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Recreational exposure to surface waters during periods of increased pathogen concentration may lead to a significantly higher risk of illness. However, estimates of elementary exposure factors necessary to evaluate health risk (i.e., usage distributions and exposure durations) are not available for many non-swimming water-related activities. No prior studies have assessed nonswimming water exposure with respect to factors leading to impaired water quality from increased pathogen concentration, such as weather condition (rain events produce increased runoff and sewer overflows) and type of day (heavy recreational periods). We measured usage patterns and evaluated the effect of weather and type of day at eight water sites located within Philadelphia, by using a novel ''time lapse photography'' technology during three peak recreational seasons (May --September) 2008 --2010. Camera observations validated with simultaneous in-person surveys exhibited a strong correlation (R 2 ¼ 0.81 to 0.96) between the two survey techniques, indicating that the application of remote photography in collecting human exposure data was appropriate. Recreational activities usage varied more on a temporal basis than due to inclement weather. Only 14% (6 out of 44) of the site-specific activity combinations showed dry weather preference, whereas 41.5% (17 out of 41) of the combinations indicated greater usage on weekends as compared with weekday. In general, the log normal distribution described the playing and wading duration distribution, while the gamma distribution was the best fit for fishing durations. Remote photography provided unbiased, real-time human exposure data and was less personnel intensive compared with traditional survey methods. However, there are potential limitations associated with remote surveillance data related to its limited view. This is the first study to report that time lapse cameras can be successfully applied to assess water-based human recreational patterns and can provide precise exposure statistics for non-swimming recreational exposures. Keywords: recreational water use; exposure assessment; non-swimming water exposures; time-lapse camera applications; remote photography; exposure duration distributions Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology INTRODUCTIONThe decision to treat (disinfect) wastewater and storm water overflows is a major controversy in the US and will probably cause large cities massive investment in ''gray'' infrastructure to mitigate wet weather discharges. A rational decision would use risk-benefit or cost-benefit approaches. To assess risk, one must know how the waters are being used. Although in many cases where the dominant use is swimming, the quantification of exposure is more straightforward, for example, by using aerial photos, turnstile counts or parking fees and so on. In a context, such as the one described in this paper where non-swimming recreational activities are the principal mode of exposure to surface water bodies, the issue is both determining how ma...

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A Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Cryptosporidium Exposure Among Baltimore Urban Anglers

Cited by 28 publications

References 21 publications

Cryptosporidium in birds, fish and amphibians

Cryptosporidium in birds, fish and amphibians

Risk of Handling as a Route of Exposure to Infectious Waterborne Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts via Atlantic Blue Crabs ( Callinectes sapidus )

Recreational use assessment of water-based activities, using time-lapse construction cameras

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