A Probable<i>z</i> ∼ 7 Galaxy Strongly Lensed by the Rich Cluster A2218: Exploring the Dark Ages

Kneib, Jean-Paul; Ellis, Richard S.; Santos, Michael R.; Richard, Johan

doi:10.1086/386281

Cited by 219 publications

(251 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Importantly, lensing also enables the study of distant background galaxies that would be unobservable without the magnification provided by the cluster lens (e.g. Ellis et al 2001; Kneib et al 2004; Richard et al 2008;Bouwens et al 2009;Coe et al 2013), and offers the tantalizing possibility of measuring the geometry of the Universe through the accurate determination of cosmological distances (Soucail, Kneib & Golse 2004;Jullo et al 2010).…”

Section: G R Av I Tat I O Na L L E N S I N Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass and magnification maps for the Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields clusters: implications for high-redshift studies

Richard¹,

Jauzac²,

Limousin³

et al. 2014

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

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223

271

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Citation for published item:i h rdD tF nd t uz D wF nd vimousinD wF nd tulloD iF nd gl¡ ementD fF nd i elingD rF nd unei D tFE F nd etekD rF nd x t r j nD F nd ig miD iF nd vivermoreD F nd fowerD F @PHIRA 9w ss nd m gni( tion m ps for the ru le p e eles ope prontier pields lusters X impli tions for highEredshift studiesF9D wonthly noti es of the oy l estronomi l o ietyFD RRR @IAF ppF PTVEPVWF Further information on publisher's website: Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. ABSTRACTExtending over three Hubble Space Telescope (HST) cycles, the Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) initiative constitutes the largest commitment ever of HST time to the exploration of the distant Universe via gravitational lensing by massive galaxy clusters. Here, we present models of the mass distribution in the six HFF cluster lenses, derived from a joint strong-and weak-lensing analysis anchored by a total of 88 multiple-image systems identified in existing HST data. The resulting maps of the projected mass distribution and of the gravitational magnification effectively calibrate the HFF clusters as gravitational telescopes. Allowing the computation of search areas in the source plane, these maps are provided to the community to facilitate the exploitation of forthcoming HFF data for quantitative studies of the gravitationally lensed population of background galaxies. Our models of the gravitational magnification afforded by the HFF clusters allow us to quantify the lensing-induced boost in sensitivity over blank-field observations and predict that galaxies at z > 10 and as faint as m(AB) = 32 will be detectable, up to 2 mag fainter than the limit of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.

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Section: G R Av I Tat I O Na L L E N S I N Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass and magnification maps for the Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields clusters: implications for high-redshift studies

Richard¹,

Jauzac²,

Limousin³

et al. 2014

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Self Cite

223

271

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“…Ten years ago, only a dozen objects at z > 6 had been discovered (Bouwens et al 2004;Kneib et al 2004), none above z > 7.5. To date, the number of z ∼ 6, z ∼ 7, and z ≥ 8 galaxies selected in deep surveys count in the thousands (e.g., Le Fevre et al 2015;Bouwens et al 2014b;Monna et al 2014;Willott et al 2013), several hundreds (e.g., Bouwens et al 2011;Ouchi et al 2009;Ouchi et al 2013;Tilvi et al 2013) and about one hundred (e.g., Labbé et al 2013;Oesch et al 2014b;Schmidt et al 2014;Zheng et al 2012;Trenti et al 2012), respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontier Fields: Combining HST, VLT, andSpitzerdata to explore thez~ 8 Universe behind the lensing cluster MACSJ0416.1−2403

Laporte

Streblyanska

Kim

et al. 2015

A&A

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Context. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Frontier Fields (HFFs) project started at the end of 2013 with the aim of providing extremely deep images of six massive galaxy clusters. One of the main goals of this program is to push several telescopes to their limits to provide the best current view of the earliest stages of the Universe. The analysis of the initial data has already demonstrated the huge capabilities of the program. Aims. We present a detailed analysis of z ∼ 8 objects behind the HFFs lensing cluster, MACSJ0416.1-2403, combining 0.3−1.6 µm imaging from HST, ground-based K s imaging from VLT HAWK-I, and 3.6 µm and 4.5 µm Spitzer Space Telescope. The images probe to 5σ depths of ≈29 AB for HST, 25.6 AB for HAWK-I, and ≈0.310 and 0.391 µJy at 3.6 and 4.5 µm, respectively. With these datasets, we assess the photometric properties of z ∼ 8 galaxies in this field, as well as their distribution in luminosity, to unprecedented sensitivity. Methods. We applied the classical Lyman break (LB) technique, which combines non detection criteria in bands blueward of the Lyman break at z ∼ 8 and color-selection in bands redward of the break. To avoid contamination by mid-z interlopers, we required a strong break between optical and near-infrared data. We determined the photometric properties of z ∼ 8 selected candidates using spectral energy distribution (SED)-fitting with standard library templates. The luminosity function at z ∼ 8 is computed using a Monte-Carlo method taking advantage of the SED-fitting results. A piece of cautionary information is gleaned from new deep optical photometry of a previously identified z ∼ 8 galaxy in this cluster, which is now firmly detected as a mid-z interloper with a strong ≈1.5 mag Balmer break (between F606W and F125W). Using the SED of this interloper, we estimated the contamination rate of our MACSJ0416.1−2403 sample, and that of previous samples in Abell 2744 that were based on HFF data, we highlight the dangers of pushing the LB technique too close to the photometry limits. Results. Our selection reliably recovers four objects with m F160W ranging from 26.0 to 27.9 AB that are located in modestamplification regions (µ < 2.4). Two of the objects display a secondary break between the IRAC 3.6 µm and 4.5 µm bands, which could be associated to the Balmer break or emission lines at z ∼ 8. The SED-fitting analysis suggests that all of these objects favor high-z solutions with no reliable secondary solutions. The candidates generally have star formation rates around ∼10 M /yr and sizes ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 kpc, which agrees well with previous observations and expectations for objects in the early Universe. The sample size and luminosity distribution are consistent with previous findings.

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“…Acting as powerful gravitational telescopes, massive galaxy clusters offer unique opportunities to observe extremely distant galaxies (Kneib et al 2004), as well as distant supernovae (SNe), too faint to be otherwise detected (Kolatt & Bartelmann 1998;Kovner & Paczynski 1988;Sullivan et al 2000;Gal-Yam et al 2002;Gunnarsson & Goobar 2003). Lensing magnifications of up to a factor ∼40 have been inferred for many multiple images Based on observations made with ESO telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under programme ID 079.A-0192 and ID 081.A-0734.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near-IR search for lensed supernovae behind galaxy clusters

Goobar

Paech

Stanishev³

et al. 2009

A&A

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Aims. Powerful gravitational telescopes in the form of massive galaxy clusters can be used to enhance the light collecting power over a limited field of view by about an order of magnitude in flux. This effect is exploited here to increase the depth of a survey for lensed supernovae at near-IR wavelengths. Methods. We present a pilot supernova search programme conducted with the ISAAC camera at VLT. Lensed galaxies behind the massive clusters A1689, A1835, and AC114 were observed for a total of 20 h divided into 2, 3, and 4 epochs respectively, separated by approximately one month to a limiting magnitude J < ∼ 24 (Vega). Image subtractions including another 20 h worth of archival ISAAC/VLT data were used to search for transients with lightcurve properties consistent with redshifted supernovae, both in the new and reference data. Results. The feasibility of finding lensed supernovae in our survey was investigated using synthetic lightcurves of supernovae and several models of the volumetric type Ia and core-collapse supernova rates as a function of redshift. We also estimate the number of supernova discoveries expected from the inferred star-formation rate in the observed galaxies. The methods consistently predict a Poisson mean value for the expected number of supernovae in the survey of between N SN = 0.8 and 1.6 for all supernova types, evenly distributed between core collapse and type Ia supernovae. One transient object was found behind A1689, 0.5 from a galaxy with photometric redshift z gal = 0.6 ± 0.15. The lightcurve and colors of the transient are consistent with being a reddened type IIP supernova at z SN = 0.59. The lensing model predicts 1.4 mag of magnification at the location of the transient, without which this object would not have been detected in the near-IR ground-based search described in this paper (unlensed magnitude J ∼ 25). We perform a feasibility study of the potential for lensed supernovae discoveries with larger and deeper surveys and conclude that the use of gravitational telescopes is a very exciting path for new discoveries. For example, a monthly rolling supernova search of a single very massive cluster with the HAWK-I camera at VLT would yield > ∼ 10 lensed supernova lightcurves per year, where type Ia supernovae would constitute about half of the expected sample. Conclusions.

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A Probablez ∼ 7 Galaxy Strongly Lensed by the Rich Cluster A2218: Exploring the Dark Ages

Cited by 219 publications

References 35 publications

Mass and magnification maps for the Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields clusters: implications for high-redshift studies

Mass and magnification maps for the Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields clusters: implications for high-redshift studies

Frontier Fields: Combining HST, VLT, andSpitzerdata to explore thez~ 8 Universe behind the lensing cluster MACSJ0416.1−2403

Near-IR search for lensed supernovae behind galaxy clusters

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