A probe method for soil water sampling and subsurface measurements

Harrison, W. D.; Osterkamp, T. E.

doi:10.1029/wr017i006p01731

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Probing, Sampling and Temperature Measurements Probing, sampling and temperature measurements were carried out during spring and fall 1984 and spring 1985 to provide a complete cycle of thawing and freezing in the sediments. The methods for probing and making temperature measurements in the sediments have been described previously by Harrison and Osterkamp [1981a], Osterkamp and Harrison [1982], and Osterkamp [1984]. Depth to the IBPT was determined by driving a probe to refusal using portable driving equipment.…”

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of the active layer and shallow subsea permafrost

Osterkamp¹,

Baker²,

Harrison³

et al. 1989

J. Geophys. Res.

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A seasonal active layer associated with subsea permafrost was found in the sediments near the seabed of the Beaufort Sea near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. The active layer existed where sea ice was frozen to the seabed and also in shallow water where the under-ice seawater salinities exceeded open-water values. Initial freezing of the active layer was about coincident with the formation of new sea ice. Within 400 m of shore, it appeared to freeze to an underlying ice-bonded permafrost table (IBPT). Farther offshore, where this table is deeper, the active layer thickness decreased with distance offshore, and the layer was underlain by a talik. Relative ice contents in the active layer generally decreased with distance offshore, were a few hundred parts per thousand (ppt) in the fall, and ranged to more than 800 ppt in the spring. Seasonal changes in the bulk soil solution salinity showed that the partially frozen active layer redistributed salts during freezing, was infiltrated by concentrated brines derived from the growth of sea ice, and affected the timing of brine drainage to lower depths in the sediments. These brines provide the salts required for thawing the underlying subsea permafrost in the presence of negative sediment temperatures. The region near shore had a partially frozen transition layer just above the IBPT where the ice content increased and the brine content decreased with depth. Temperature at the IBPT is nearly constant beyond about 412 m to at least 3.5 km offshore at about -2.41øC, implying relatively constant soil solution salinities there. INTRODUCTION Subsea permafrost exists in the continental shelves of theArctic Ocean and associated seas, where it is a product of changing sea levels, shoreline erosion, and past cold climates r, ._ _, ...... ,, ....... , Lewetten, t•v•acnay, 1972; 1973]. Whea sea Icvc• mc low, cold climates cause permafrost to aggrade in those parts of the shelves where the ground surface is exposed to the atmosphere. When sea levels rise, the permafrost is covered by relatively warm and salty seawater. After submergence, this subsea permafrost degrades, thawing from the seabed downward by the influx of salt and heat as a result of the new boundary conditions, even in the presence of negative mean seabed temperatures [Harrison and Osterkamp, 1978]. Subsea permafrost also thaws from the bottom by geothermal heat flow. Northwest of Prudhoe Bay at distances up to several kilometers or more offshore, thawing rates at both the top and bottom are slow, of the order of a centimeter per year [Lachenbruch et al., 1982]. Consequently, the time after submergence required to thaw the subsea permafrost completely may approach tens of millennia. Thawing at the seabed results in a talik or thawed layer, which thickens seaward, and ice-bearing subsea permafrost which generally thins seaward [Hunter et al., 1976; Osterkamp and Harrison, 1977; Lachenbruch et al., 1982; Neave and Sellmann, 1984; Osterkamp et al., 1985]. Development of a talik below the seabed after submergence is complicated by s...

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Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of the active layer and shallow subsea permafrost

Osterkamp¹,

Baker²,

Harrison³

et al. 1989

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…Motorized tools or manual methods can be used to install sampling equipment. Percussion drills, fence post drivers, or vibracores allow for installations to depths of 3-10 m [77,78,81], while manual methods such as push-point sampling, augering, or fence post hammering is generally limited to 1-3 m in sandy sediments [82,83].…”

Section: Characterizing Subsurface Hydrology 231 Porewater Sampling and Head Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods in Capturing the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Flow and Biogeochemical Reactivity in Sandy Beach Aquifers: A Review

Kim

Heiss

2021

Water

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Sandy beach aquifers are complex hydrological and biogeochemical systems where fresh groundwater and seawater mix. The extent of the intertidal mixing zone and the rates of circulating flows within beaches are a primary control on porewater chemistry and microbiology of the intertidal subsurface. Interplay between the hydrological and biogeochemical processes at these land-sea transition zones moderate fluxes of chemicals, particulates, heavy metals, and biota across the aquifer-ocean interface, affecting coastal water quality and nutrient loads to marine ecosystems. Thus, it is important to characterize hydrological and biogeochemical processes in beach aquifers when estimating material fluxes to the ocean. This can be achieved through a suite of cross-disciplinary measurements of beach groundwater flow and chemistry. In this review, we present measurement approaches that have been developed and employed to characterize the physical (geology, topography, subsurface hydrology) and biogeochemical (solute and particulate distributions, reaction rates) properties of and processes occurring within sandy intertidal aquifers. As applied to beach systems, we discuss vibracoring, sample collection, laboratory experiments, variable-density considerations, instrument construction, and sensor technologies. We discuss advantages and limitations of typical hydrologic field sampling methods when used to investigate beach aquifers and provide a measurement framework for researchers seeking to sample and collect data from these systems.

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Cone‐penetrometer‐deployed Samplers and Chemical Sensors

Doskey

Cespedes

2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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The development of rapid, cost‐effective, accurate methods for environmental site characterization and monitoring has been a very active area of research during the past two decades. One approach that has recently received widespread attention involves the use of cone penetrometer technologies for in situ detection and mapping of environmental contaminants in subsurface soils and groundwater. The most recent technological developments include the incorporation of on‐line analytical and in situ chemical detection techniques into the cone penetrometer. This article describes a variety of sampling and chemical sensing technologies that have been or are currently being adapted to cone penetrometer systems for the detection of subsurface contaminants, including petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POLs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), toxic metals, explosives/energetics, and radioactive wastes. For example, cone penetrometer devices that incorporate in situ isolation techniques to purge VOCs from groundwater eliminate the analysis of the sample media in the laboratory. A high level of agreement was found between an in situ purging technique and the conventional method of bailing a sample from a groundwater sampler, transferring the sample to a container, and analyzing the sample in the laboratory. Completion of a site characterization with this probe was estimated to require approximately 15% of the time needed for conventional methods, significantly reducing costs. The laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) sensor, which measures POLs, represents the first and most mature cone penetrometer chemical detection technology. Technology evaluations estimated that costs of site characterizations using the LIF probe are approximately 50% lower than costs of site characterizations using conventional methods for collecting soil cores, subsampling the cores, and analyzing the subsamples in the laboratory.

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A probe method for soil water sampling and subsurface measurements

Cited by 8 publications

References 8 publications

Characteristics of the active layer and shallow subsea permafrost

Characteristics of the active layer and shallow subsea permafrost

Methods in Capturing the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Flow and Biogeochemical Reactivity in Sandy Beach Aquifers: A Review

Cone‐penetrometer‐deployed Samplers and Chemical Sensors

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