A Process for the Preparation of Emulsified Wax

Abstract

With the use of petroleum wax and oxidized petroleum wax as raw material and by appraising and screening emulsifier, the effects on stability of emulsifying wax such as emulsifier type, quantity, stirring speed, emulsifying time, and emulsifying temperature are discussed. The experiment results show that the mass ratio of petroleum wax and oxidized petroleum wax is 15-25%; the mass ratio of mixed emulsifier CC is 7-8%; and the best emulsifying process conditions are an emulsifying temperature of 90 ı C, an emulsifying time of 40 min, and a stirring speed of 700-1000 r/min. The emulsified wax obtained subsequently has better stability, dispersivity, and property.

Inter-Correlation among the Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance, Surfactant System, Viscosity, Particle Size, and Stability of Candelilla Wax-Based Dispersions

“…On Literature particle size phase separation 1 [24] viscosity of continuous phase particle size distribution 1 [25,26] viscosity of continuous phase phase separation 1 [27] HLB value viscosity of continuous phase 1 -HLB value particle size distribution 1 [28][29][30][31][32] HLB value phase separation 1 [33] emulsifier system viscosity of continuous phase 1 emulsifier system particle size distribution 1 [34,35] emulsifier system phase separation 1 [36] HLB value change in particle size distribution over storage time 1 [24,36,37] stirring intensity, time, and speed particle size [35,38,39] mixing temperature particle size [35,38,39] phase concentration particle size [20,30,35,[39][40][41][42] surfactant concentration particle size [30,33,35,36,38,43] aggregation state of the disperse phase particle size [44,45] phase concentration phase separation [46] 1 : Also examined in this study.…”

“…Griffin [29] has reported that the surfactant is the most effective when the HLB values for the surfactant and dispersed phase are the same. Hou et al [38] suggested that to first identify the most suitable HLB value, the HLB value must be varied via the blending of surfactants, as blends typically work better than single surfactants [25]. Next, the most appropriate chemical structure should be defined by maintaining a constant HLB value, albeit by varying the surfactant type.…”

“…As mentioned above, the HLB system provides a simple method to describe the strength of the hydrophilic or lipophilic character of an emulsifying agent. The combination of high and low HLB values for surfactants has been reported to achieve better results compared with the use of a single surfactant [31,38]. Therefore, different combinations are tested.…”

“…The low viscosity of the continuous phase led to an increased droplet collision frequency. Therefore, droplet re-coalescence increases with high HLB values [35]; • High HLB (>12) values were achieved via the incorporation of an additional tween agent, which has a high molecular weight, possibly leading to a low critical packing parameter (CPP) [11,38]. Thus, the amount of the absorbed surfactant molecules on the surface of the wax particles should be low for high HLB values.…”

Hydrogen Sulfide Removal From Petroleum Refinery by ImmobilizedThiobacillus ferrooxidansin Fixed-bed Bioreactor

“…Many industrial processes will emit acidic gases containing H 2 S, such as petroleum refinery, chemical engineering, metallurgy, low-temperature coal-coking, and natural gas mining. With strong toxicity and corrosivity, H 2 S is one of the chief sources of air pollution (Hou et al, 2007). Therefore, the clean air acts of many countries demand the desulfurization of gaseous fuels to minimize the release of sulfur dioxide into the ambient air.…”