A product of its environment: the epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) exhibits physiological tolerance to elevated environmental CO2

Heinrich, Dennis D.U.; Rummer, Jodie L.; Morash, Andrea J.; Watson, Sue‐Ann; Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; Heupel, Michelle R.; Munday, Philip L.

doi:10.1093/conphys/cou047

Cited by 51 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Similar acid-base compensation, blood haematology variables (e.g. haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, and mean cell haemoglobin concentration) and respiratory (resting oxygen consumption rates, citrate synthase activity and hypoxia tolerance via Pcrit) responses to elevated CO 2 were observed in H. ocellatum [35]. The latter authors suggested that these physiological responses rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org Biol.…”

Section: Physiologymentioning

confidence: 60%

“…The physiological effects of simulated end-of-century elevated CO 2 conditions have only been evaluated in four relatively sedentary, benthic species: the temperate lesserspotted (Scyliorhinus canicula) catshark [38] and Port Jackson (H. portusjacksoni) sharks [39,40] and the tropical bamboo (C. punctatum) [32][33][34] and epaulette (H. ocellatum) sharks [35,36] (table 1). Previous studies investigating physiological processes under elevated CO 2 in sharks have been conducted at very high CO 2 levels (.8-10 mm Hg, approximately 10 000-13 000 matm) (e.g.…”

Section: Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biological responses of sharks to ocean acidification

2017

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Sharks play a key role in the structure of marine food webs, but are facing major threats due to overfishing and habitat degradation. Although sharks are also assumed to be at relatively high risk from climate change due to a low intrinsic rate of population growth and slow rates of evolution, ocean acidification (OA) has not, until recently, been considered a direct threat. New studies have been evaluating the potential effects of end-of-century elevated CO 2 levels on sharks and their relatives' early development, physiology and behaviour. Here, we review those findings and use a meta-analysis approach to quantify the overall direction and magnitude of biological responses to OA in the species of sharks that have been investigated to date. While embryo survival and development time are mostly unaffected by elevated CO 2 , there are clear effects on body condition, growth, aerobic potential and behaviour (e.g. lateralization, hunting and prey detection). Furthermore, studies to date suggest that the effects of OA could be as substantial as those due to warming in some species. A major limitation is that all past studies have involved relatively sedentary, benthic sharks that are capable of buccal ventilation—no studies have investigated pelagic sharks that depend on ram ventilation. Future research should focus on species with different life strategies (e.g. pelagic, ram ventilators), climate zones (e.g. polar regions), habitats (e.g. open ocean), and distinct phases of ontogeny in order to fully predict how OA and climate change will impact higher-order predators and therefore marine ecosystem dynamics.

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Section: Physiologymentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological responses of sharks to ocean acidification

2017

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“…P CO2 between 600 and 2000 µatm). The pattern that emerged was complete regulation of blood plasma pH and a 2-5 mmol l −1 increase in blood plasma [HCO 3 − ] Esbaugh et al, 2016Esbaugh et al, , 2012Green and Jutfelt, 2014;Heinrich et al, 2014;Heuer et al, 2016;Strobel et al, 2012) (Table 1). Only three studies measured blood plasma [Cl − ], but none of them found significant changes after exposure to OA-like conditions Green and Jutfelt, 2014;Heinrich et al, 2014).…”

Section: Pharmacological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pattern that emerged was complete regulation of blood plasma pH and a 2-5 mmol l −1 increase in blood plasma [HCO 3 − ] Esbaugh et al, 2016Esbaugh et al, , 2012Green and Jutfelt, 2014;Heinrich et al, 2014;Heuer et al, 2016;Strobel et al, 2012) (Table 1). Only three studies measured blood plasma [Cl − ], but none of them found significant changes after exposure to OA-like conditions Green and Jutfelt, 2014;Heinrich et al, 2014). The lack of change in plasma [Cl − ] in marine fish could be due to the difficulty in accurately measuring small changes in [Cl − ] compared with 'background' control levels of 140-200 mmol l −1 (see Genz et al, 2008;Erlacher-Reid et al, 2011;Esbaugh et al, 2016;Lin et al, 2003;Toews et al, 1983;reviewed in Evans et al, 2005).…”

Section: Pharmacological Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acid–base physiology, neurobiology and behaviour in relation to CO2-induced ocean acidification

Tresguerres

Hamilton

2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

103

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Experimental exposure to ocean and freshwater acidification affects the behaviour of multiple aquatic organisms in laboratory tests. One proposed cause involves an imbalance in plasma chloride and bicarbonate ion concentrations as a result of acid-base regulation, causing the reversal of ionic fluxes through GABA A receptors, which leads to altered neuronal function. This model is exclusively based on differential effects of the GABA A receptor antagonist gabazine on control animals and those exposed to elevated CO 2 . However, direct measurements of actual chloride and bicarbonate concentrations in neurons and their extracellular fluids and of GABA A receptor properties in aquatic organisms are largely lacking. Similarly, very little is known about potential compensatory mechanisms, and about alternative mechanisms that might lead to ocean acidificationinduced behavioural changes. This article reviews the current knowledge on acid-base physiology, neurobiology, pharmacology and behaviour in relation to marine CO 2 -induced acidification, and identifies important topics for future research that will help us to understand the potential effects of predicted levels of aquatic acidification on organisms.

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“…Temperature is an important ecological factor, known to have a profound effect on many metabolic processes in aquatic ectotherms, such as fishes (Di Santo and Bennett, 2011a;Fry, 1971;Magnuson et al, 1979). At the same time, although some studies report little to no effect (or even a positive effect) of CO 2 on fishes (see, for example, Green and Jutfelt, 2014;Heinrich et al, 2014;Jutfelt and Hedgärde, 2015;Rummer et al, 2013), several studies have presented data suggesting that increasing ocean acidification has the potential to exert several adverse effects on fish life history traits, such as malformation during skeletogenesis (Chambers et al, 2013), reduced survival (Baumann and Conover, 2011), reduced body condition and increased developmental time , as well as on several other important behavioral and physiological traits, such as alertness, predator avoidance and hunting (Ferrari et al, 2012a,b;Hamilton et al, 2014;Jutfelt et al, 2013;Munday et al, 2009;Näslund et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intraspecific variation in physiological performance of a benthic elasmobranch challenged by ocean acidification and warming

Santo

2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Elucidating the combined effects of increasing temperature and ocean acidification on performance of fishes is central to our understanding of how species will respond to global climate change. Measuring the metabolic costs associated with intense and short activities, such as those required to escape predators, is key to quantifying changes in performance and estimating the potential effects of environmental stressors on survival. In this study, juvenile little skate Leucoraja erinacea from two neighboring locations (Gulf of Maine, or northern location, and Georges Bank, or southern location) were developmentally acclimatized and reared at current and projected temperatures (15, 18 or 20°C) and acidification conditions ( pH 8.1 or 7.7), and their escape performance was tested by employing a chasing protocol. The results from this study suggest countergradient variation in growth between skates from the two locations, while the optimum for escape performance was at a lower temperature in individuals from the northern latitudes, which could be related to adaptation to the local thermal environment. Aerobic performance and scope declined in skates from the northern latitudes under simulated ocean warming and acidification conditions. Overall, the southern skates showed lower sensitivity to these climatic stressors. This study demonstrates that even mobile organisms from neighboring locations can exhibit substantial differences in energetic costs of exercise and that skates from the northern part of the geographic range may be more sensitive to the directional increase in temperature and acidification expected by the end of the century.

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A product of its environment: the epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) exhibits physiological tolerance to elevated environmental CO2

Cited by 51 publications

References 60 publications

Biological responses of sharks to ocean acidification

Biological responses of sharks to ocean acidification

Acid–base physiology, neurobiology and behaviour in relation to CO2-induced ocean acidification

Intraspecific variation in physiological performance of a benthic elasmobranch challenged by ocean acidification and warming

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