“…Such social forces as discrimination, prejudice, and economic deprivation hinder the motivation and academic achievement of Black students (Felice, 1981;Howard & Hammond, 1985;Marchant, 1991;Ponterotto & Pedersen, 1993;Taylor, Casten, Flickinger, Roberts, & Fulmore, 1994), as well as contribute to their underrepresentation in gifted education programs (Ford, 1996). Social inequities are important sources of vulnerability for Black youth who, when confronted with racism and discrimination, may develop an oppositional social identity (Ogbu, 1987).…”